Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) -- Nutsedge

Chemicals

1,8-CINEOLE Root: DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelopathic 450 ; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelminthic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase LGR ; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic JAR8:2 ; Antitussive MED'94 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj EJP331:253 ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279

4ALPHA,5ALPHA-OXIDOEUDESM-11-EN-3-ALPHA-OL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALKALOIDS Root 2,100 - 2,400 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-CYPERONE Root 1,500 - 5,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antimalarial 5.5 ug/ml PM56(4):371 ; Antiprostaglandin DUKE1992B

ALPHA-ROTUNOL Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARSENIC Rhizome 0.29 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anorexic FHN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ASCORBIC-ACID Root 90 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER ; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR ; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antigingivitic PAM ; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER ; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer WER ; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292 ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vulnerary PAM

BETA-CYPERONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-PINENE Root: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN

BETA-ROTUNOL Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-SELINENE Root: DUKE1992A

Perfumery ARC

CALCIUM Rhizome 3,180 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CAMPHENE Root: DUKE1992A

Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465

COPAENE Root: DUKE1992A

Carminative PJB1(1):172

COPPER Rhizome 10 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic DAS ; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Schizophrenigenic DAS

CYPERENE Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYPERENONE Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYPEROL Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYPEROLONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYPEROTUNDONE Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-COPADIENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-EPOXYGUAIENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-FRUCTOSE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-GLUCOSE Root: DUKE1992A

Antisecretory NR54:36

EO Root 5,000 - 10,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FLAVONOIDS Root 12,500 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GAMMA-CYMENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

IRON Rhizome 430 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOCYPEROL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ISOKOBUSONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

KOBUSONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LIMONENE Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W

LINOLEIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189 ; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antiarthritic EMP6:189 ; Anticoronary JBH ; Antieczemic EMP6:189 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antigranular DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; AntiMS EMP6:189 ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic SN146:421 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Immunomodulator EMP6:189 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Metastatic SN146:421 ; Nematicide NIG

LINOLENIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MAGNESIUM Rhizome 1,500 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER ; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Calcium-Antagonist RWG125 ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Uterorelaxant WER ; Vasodilator WER

MANGANESE Rhizome 28 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiototic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

MUSTAKONE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MYRISTIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cosmetic JBH ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG

OLEANOLIC-ACID Tuber: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic LAF351 ; Antiatherosclerotic LAF351 ; Antibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Anticariogenic LAF ; Anticomplement IC40-50 0.01 mM/l gpg HH2 IC80-90 0.05 mM/l gpg HH2 ; Antiedemic IC36=40 mg/kg ipr rat DFN:159 ; Antifertility PMP24:113 ; Antigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):173 ; AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=21.8 ug/ml; Antihyperlipidemic JE49:57 ; Antiinflammatory 40 mg/kg ipr JNP54:455 ; Antimalarial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antioxidant BCI28:735 ; Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiplaque JNP59:987 ; Antiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antisarcomic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic MIC=625-1,250 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antitumor LAF351 ; Antiulcer >carbenoxolone PJB1(1):181 ; Antiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=21.8 ug/ml JNP61:1090 ; Aromatase-Inhibitor FIT68:387 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardiotonic LAF ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Diuretic LAF ; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=~15 uM BO2 ; Hepatoprotective ACM:211 ; Hypolipemic LAF351 ; Immunomodulator LAF351 ; Phagocytotic LAF351 ; Piscicide WOI ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs mus; Sedative LAF351 ; Uterotonic

OLEANOLIC-ACID-3-O-NEOHESPERIDOSIDE Tuber: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

OLEIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

P-CYMOL Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PATCHOULENONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PECTIN Root 37,200 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day HSC25:1485 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orl; Antidiarrheic M11 ; Antimutagenic PM65:395 ; Antiobesity JNU ; Antitumor (Colon) PM65:395 ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Chemopreventive PM65:395 ; Demulcent DUKE1992B ; Fungicide LAF ; Hemostat DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic HSC25:1485 ; Hypoglycemic JNU ; Peristaltic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

POLYPHENOLS Root 16,200 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor JNP59:205 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205

POTASSIUM Rhizome 10,100 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive DAS ; Antispasmodic DAS ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B

RESIN Root 42,100 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ROTUNDENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ROTUNDENOL Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ROTUNDONE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SELINATRIENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SITOSTEROL Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SODIUM Rhizome 254 ppm; DUKE1992A

Hypertensive DAS

STARCH Root 92,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Absorbent M29 ; Antidote (Iodine) JBH ; Antinesidioblastosic M29 ; Emollient M29 ; Poultice M29

STEARIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Cosmetic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Suppository JBH

SUGARS Root 132,200 - 144,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SUGENOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SUGEONOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SUGETRIOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ZINC Rhizome 33 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files

ACM:211: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.

AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files

AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

BCI28:735: Balanehru, S. and Nagarajan, B. 1992. Intervention of Adriamycin Induced Free Radical Damage. Biochemistry International 28(4): 735-744, 1992.

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:3086: Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DFN:159: Jim Duke's personal files

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP1:53: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.

EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.

FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.

FIT68:387: Jim Duke's personal files

FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files

GAS: Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)

HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.

HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HSC25:1485: Cerda, J.J. Pectin in Health and Disease. HortScience, 25(12): 1485, 1990.

JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.

JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.

JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.

JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files

JE49:57: Jim Duke's personal files

JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.

JNP54:455: Aquino, R., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza, C.*, and Cirino, G. Plant Metabolites. New Compounds And Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Uncaria tomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 54(2): 453-459, 1991.

JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP59:987: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP61:1090: Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.

JNU: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LAF351: Jim Duke's personal files

LGR: L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.

LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.

M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R495: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MED'94: Jim Duke's personal files

MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files

MTM: Jim Duke's personal files

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NR54:36: Jim Duke's personal files

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PJB1(1):172: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(2):173: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(4):371: Jim Duke's personal files

PM65:395: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID10830511: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP24:113: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:153: Jim Duke's personal files

PR13:115: Jim Duke's personal files

RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RWG125: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files

SHT158: Jim Duke's personal files

SN146:421: Science News, 146: 421.

SNE137:292: Jim Duke's personal files.

SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WOI: ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

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