A synergistic formula of powerful rainforest botanicals which are used by the Indian shamans and herbal healers in South America for skin viruses like herpes, cold sores, and warts.* For more information on the individual ingredients in Amazon A-V Topical, follow the links provided below to the plant database files in the Tropical Plant Database. More information can also be found in the new Antimicrobial Guide and Leslie Taylor's blog on this formula.

Ingredients: A herbal blend of sangre de grado resin, bitter melon, clavillia, mullaca, macela, copaiba oil, ubos, chanca piedra, vassourinha, and carqueja extracted in water & alcohol. To prepare this natural remedy yourself: combine equal parts of bitter melon, clavillia, mullaca, macela, ubos, chanca piedra, vassourinha, and carqueja and make a tincture following the instructions on the Methods of Preparing Herbal Remedies page. To make a small amount... 1 part could be a tablespoon (you'd have 8 tablespoon of the blended herbal formula). Once the tincture is finished, measure it. For every 4 parts of the finished tincture, add two part sangre de grado resin and one part copaiba oil. Mix together and bottle it in a dark glass bottle (it will naturally separate... just shake well before using).

Suggested Use: Shake well and apply directly on the skin several times daily. Allow to dry completely before covering with clothing.
Contraindications: None reported.
Drug Interactions: None known.
Other Observations: This extract will stain clothing and other textiles.

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Third-Party Published Research*

This rainforest formula has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research.

Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)

Bitter melon contain a group of plant chemicals call ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP). These plant chemicals are protein synthesis inhibitors that are toxic to viral cells. Bitter melon also has a unique protein that has been extracted and patented and named MAP30. MAP30 is an antiviral plant protein that is capable of acting against multiple stages of the viral life cycle, on acute infection as well as replication in chronically infected cells of multiple types of viruses, including HIV.
Offor, U., et al. "Nephrotoxicity and highly active antiretroviral therapy: Mitigating action of Momordica charantia." Toxicol Rep. 2018 Sep 20; 5: 1153-1160.
Sun, W., et al. "Chemosynthesis and characterization of site-specific N-terminally PEGylated Alpha-momorcharin as a potential agent." Sci. Rep. 2018 Dec 7; 8(1): 17729.
Yang, T., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin enhances tobacco mosaic virus resistance in tobacco(NN) by manipulating jasmonic acid-salicylic acid crosstalk." J. Plant Physiol. 2018 Apr; 223: 116-126.
Chang, C., et al. "Novel purification method and antibiotic activity of recombinant Momordica charantia MAP30." Biotech. 2017 May; 7(1): 3.
Moghadam, A., et al. "Expression of a recombinant anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein, MAP30, in Nicotiana tobacum hairy roots: a pH-stable and thermophilic antimicrobial protein." PLoS One. 2016 Jul; 11(7): e0159653.
Yaldız, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity and agricultural properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) grown in northern parts of Turkey: a case study for adaptation." Nat. Prod. Res. 2015; 29(6) :543-5.
Caizhen, G., et al. "Zirconium phosphatidylcholine-based nanocapsules as an in vivo degradable drug delivery system of MAP30, a Momordica anti-HIV protein." Int. J. Pharm. 2015 Apr; 483(1-2): 188-99.
Rakholiya, K., et al. "Comparative study of hydroalcoholic extracts of Momordica charantia L. against foodborne pathogens." Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2014 Mar; 76(2): 148-56.
Rothan, H., et al. "Fusion of protegrin-1 and plectasin to MAP30 shows significant inhibition activity against dengue virus replication." PLoS One. 2014 Apr; 9(4): e94561.
Pongthanapisith, V., et al. "Antiviral protein of Momordica charantia L. inhibits different subtypes of influenza A." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 729081.
Zhu, F., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin, a RIP produced by bitter melon, enhances defense response in tobacco plants against diverse plant viruses and shows antifungal activity in vitro." Planta. 2013 Jan; 237(1): 77-88.
Waiyaput, W., et al. "Inhibitory effects of crude extracts from some edible Thai plants against replication of hepatitis B virus and human liver cancer cells." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2012 Dec; 12:246.
Feng, E., et al. "Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a cornucopia of health: a review of its credited antidiabetic, anti-HIV, and antitumor properties." Curr. Mol. Med. 2011 Jul; 11(5): 417-36.
Puri, M., et al. "Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) from Momordica charantia for anti-viral therapy." Curr. Mol. Med. 2009 Dec; 9(9): 1080-94.
Braca, A., et al. "Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil." Fitoterapia. 2008; 79(2): 123-5.
Fan, J., et al. "Inhibition on Hepatitis B virus in vitro of recombinant MAP30 from bitter melon." Mol. Biol. Rep. 2009; 36(2): 381-8.
Jiratchariyakul, W., et al. "HIV inhibitor from Thai bitter gourd." Planta Med. 2001 Jun; 67(4): 350-3.
Wang, Y., et al. "Anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein MAP30, a 30 kDa single-strand type-I RIP, shares similar secondary structure and beta-sheet topology with the A chain of ricin, a type-II RIP." Protein Sci. 2000 Jan; 9(1): 138-44.
Zheng, Y., et al. "Alpha-momorcharin inhibits HIV-1 replication in acutely but not chronically infected T-lymphocytes." Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1999; 20(3): 239-43.
Bourinbaiar, A., et al. "The activity of plant-derived antiretroviral proteins MAP30 and GAP31 against Herpes simplex virus in vitro." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 219(3): 923–29.
Lee-Huang, S., et al. "Inhibition of the integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by anti-HIV plant proteins MAP30 and GAP31." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995; 92(19): 8818–22.
Dong, T., et al. "Ribosome inactivating protein-like activity in seeds of diverse Cucurbitaceae plants." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1993; 25(3): 415–19.
Zhang, Q. "Preliminary report on the use of Momordica charantia extract by HIV patients." J. Naturopath. Med. 1992; 3: 65–9.
Huang, T., et al. "Studies on antiviral activity of the extract of Momordica charantia and its active principle." Virologica. 1990; 5(4): 367–73.
Lee-Huang, S. "MAP 30: A new inhibitor of HIV-1 infection and replication." FEBS Lett. 1990; 272(1–2): 12–18.
Takemoto, D. "Purification and characterization of a cytostatic factor with anti-viral activity from the bitter melon." Prep. Biochem. 1983; 13(4): 371–93.

Clavillia (Mirabilis jalapa)

Clavillia is also a good source of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP) and Map30 plant chemicals that are found in bitter melon, including several novel ones. These powerful plant chemicals are the subject of a great deal of research against various viruses, including HIV, and most recently cancer. More of these types of studies can be found in the plant database file in the Tropical Plant Database.
Gogoi, J., et al. "Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from Mirabilis jalapa L. radix." J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2015 Jan; 6(1): 41-7.
Bolognesi, A. et al. "Ribosome-inactivating and adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activities in Mirabilis jalapa L. tissues." J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277(16) 13709-16.
Yang, S. W., et al. "Three new phenolic compounds from a manipulated plant cell culture, Mirabilis jalapa." J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(3): 313-17.
Vivanco, J., et al. "Characterization of two novel type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the storage roots of the Andean crop Mirabilis expansa." Plant Physiol. 1999; 119(4): 1447-56.
Dimayuga, R., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants from Baja California Sur (Mexico)." Pharmaceutical Biol. 1998; 36(1): 33-43.
De Bolle, M., et al. "Antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa and Amarantus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco." Plant Mol. Biol. 1996; 31(5): 993-1008.
Kataoka, J., et al. "Adenine depurination and inactivation of plant ribosomes by an antiviral protein of Mirabilis jalapa (MAP)." Plant Mol. Biol. 1992; 20(6): 111-19.
Wong, R., et al. "Characterization of Mirabilis antiviral protein—a ribosome inactivating protein from Mirabilis jalapa L." Biochem. Int. 1992; 28(4): 585-93.
Cammue, B., et al. "Isolation and characterization of a novel class of plant antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa L. seeds." J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267(4): 2228-33.
Caceres, A., et al. "Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 20(3): 223-37.

Macela (Achyrocline satureoides)

Macela has been reported by two separate research groups with antiviral actions; HIV, Herpes and pseudorabies were the viruses it was tested against.*
Moresco, K., et al. "Effects of Achyrocline satureioides inflorescence extracts against pathogenic intestinal bacteria: chemical characterization, in vitro tests, and in vivo evaluation." Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 2017 Sep; 2017: 4874865.
Adnani, N., et al. "Symbiosis-inspired approaches to antibiotic discovery." Nat. Prod. Rep. 2017;
34: 784-814.
Bidone, J., et al. "Antiherpes activity and skin/mucosa distribution of flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides extract incorporated into topical nanoemulsions." Biomed. Res. Int. 2015; 2015: 238010.
González, M., et al. "Purification of substances from Achyrocline satureioides with inhibitory activity against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood in honeybees'
larvae." Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2015 Apr; 175(7): 3349-59.
Casero, C., et al. "Structure and antimicrobial activity of phloroglucinol derivatives from Achyrocline satureioides." J. Nat. Prod. 2015 Jan; 78(1): 93-102.
Casero, C., et al. "Achyrofuran is an antibacterial agent capable of killing methicillin-resistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in the nanomolar range." Phytomedicine. 2013 Jan; 20(2): 133-8.
Joray, M., et al. "Understanding the interactions between metabolites isolated from Achyrocline satureioides in relation to its antibacterial activity." Phytomedicine. 2013 Feb; 20(3-4): 258-61.
Sabini, M., et al. "Evaluation of antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from Achyrocline satureioides against Western equine encephalitis virus." Nat Prod Res. 2012; 26(5): 405-15.
Sabaté, D., et al. "Synergistic effect of surfactin from Bacillus subtilis C4 and Achyrocline
satureioides extracts on the viability of Paenibacillus larvae." World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012 Apr; 28(4): 1415-22.
Joray, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of extracts from plants of central Argentina--isolation of an active principle from Achyrocline satureioides." Planta Med. 2011 Jan; 77(1): 95-100.
Gonzales, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of water extracts and essential oils of various aromatic plants against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood. (fatal bacterial disease of honeybees)" J. Invertebr Pathol. 2010 Jul; 104(3): 209-13.
Vogt, V., et al. "Fungitoxic effects of Achyrocline satureioides (marcela) on plant pathogens." IDECEFYN vol 21 January-April 2010; 109-112
Bueno-Sánchez J., et al. "Anti-tubercular activity of eleven aromatic and medicinal plants occurring in Colombia." Biomedica. 2009 Mar; 29(1): 51-60.
Brandelli, C., et al. "Indigenous traditional medicine: in vitro anti-giardial activity of plants used in the treatment of diarrhea." Parasitol Res. 2009 Jun; 104(6): 1345-9.
Calvo, D., et al. "Achyrocline satureioides (LAM.) DC (Marcela): antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus spp. and immunomodulating effects on human lymphocytes." Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 2006 Jul-Dec; 48(3-4): 247-55.
Bettega, J. M., et al. "Evaluation of the antiherpetic activity of standardized extracts of Achyrocline satureioides." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(10): 819-23.
Zanon, S. M., et al. "Search for antiviral activity of certain medicinal plants from Cordoba, Argentina." Rev. Latinoamer. Microbiol. 1999; 41(2): 59-62.
Abdel-Malek, S., et al. "Drug leads from the Kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia. 1. Background, rationale, protocol and anti-HIV activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50: 157-22.
Anesini, C., et al. "Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 119-28.
Vargas, V., et al. "Genotoxicity of plant extracts." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86(11): 67-70.
Vargas, V., et al. "Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in prokaryotic organisms." Mutat. Res. 1990; 240(1): 13-18.
de Souza, C. P., et al. "Chemoprophylaxis of schistosomiasis: molluscicidal activity of natural products." An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 1984; 56(3): 333-38.

Ubos (Spondias mombin)

Ubos has demonstrated antiviral actions against Herpes, HIV, cocksacie, poliovirus, and rotoviruses in laboratory studies.* It has also been shown to inhibit reverse transcriptase—a chemical required by many viruses to replicate.*
Temitope, O., et al. "Synergistic antibacterial and antifungal activities of Spondias mombin extracts and conventional antibiotic and antifungal agents on selected clinical microorganisms." Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2017; 5(2A): 307-318
Olugbuyiro, J., et al. "Phytosterols from Spondias mombin Linn with antimycobacterial activities." Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 2013 Jan; 16(1): 19-24.
Olugbuyiro, J., et al. "Anti-tubercular compounds from Spondias mombin." Intl. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Tech. 2013; 19(2): 76-87.
Okwuosa O., et al. "Phytochemical and antifungal activities of Uvaria chamae leaves and roots, Spondias mombin leaves and bark and Combretum racemosum leaves." Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2012 Dec; 41 Suppl: 99-103.
da Silva, A., et al. "Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two Spondias species from Northeastern Brazil." Pharm. Biol. 2012 Jun; 50(6): 740-6.
Silva, A., et al. "Antiviral activities of extracts and phenolic components of two Spondias species against dengue virus." J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Trop. Dis. 2011; (17)4: 406-413.
Amadi, E., et al. "Studies on the antimicrobial effects of Spondias mombin and Baphia nittida on dental caries organism." Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2007 Feb; 10(3): 393-7.
Kang, E., et al. "The flavonoid ellagic acid from a medicinal herb inhibits host immune tolerance induced by the hepatitis B virus-e antigen." Antiviral Res. 2006; 72(2): 100-6.
Goncalves, J., et al. "In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jul; 99(3): 403-7.
Herforth, A., "Anti-fungal plants of the Peruvian Amazon: A survey of ethnomedical uses and biological activity." Emanations from the Rainforest and the Carribean. Vol. 4 Sept. 2002, Cornell University
Kramer, A., et al. "Ethnobotany and biological activity of plants utilized during pregnancy and childbirth in the Peruvian Amazon." Emanations from the Rainforest and the Carribean Vol. 4 Sept. 2002, Cornell University.
Flood, K., et al. "Phytochemical analysis of Cedrela odorata and Spondias mombin, two dietary sources of Callithrix pygmea on the Yarapa river in the Amazon basin of Peru." Emanations from the Rainforest and the Carribean Vol. 4 Sept. 2002, Cornell University.
Calderon, A., et al. "Forest plot as a tool to demonstrate the pharmaceutical potential of plants in a tropical forest of Panama." Econ. Bot. 2000; 54(3): 278-294.
Banos, S., et al. "Antifungal screening of plants of the state of Morelos, Mexico against four fungal postharvest pathogens of fruits and vegetables." Rev. Mex. Fitopath. 2000 Jun; 18(1): 36-41.
Abo, K., et al. "Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea." Phytother. Res. 1999; 13(6): 494-497.
Coates, N., et al. "SB-202742, A novel beta-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Spondias mombin." J. Nat. Prod. 1994; 57(5): 654-657.
Berghe, D. et al., "Antibacterial and molluscicidal phenolic acid from Spondias mombin." Planta Medica. 1994 Oct; 60(5): 460-3.
Corthout, J. et al. "Antiviral caffeoyl esters from Spondias mombin." Phytochemistry 1992; 31(6): 1979-1981.
Corthout, J., et al. "Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin. Phytochemistry. 1991; 30(4): 1129-30.
Ramirez, V., et al., "Vegetales empleados en medicina tradicional Norperuana." Banco Agrario Del Peru & Nacl. Univ. Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru, June, 1988 Page 54.
Corthout, J., et al. "Antivirally active Gallotannins from Spondias mombin." Planta Med. 1988 Dec; 54(6): 573.
Corthout, J., et al. "Antivirally active substances from Spondias mombin L." Pharm. Weekbl. 1987; 9(4): 222.
Corthout, J., et al. "Antivirally active substances from Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)." Abstr. Internat. Res. Cong. Nat. Prod. Coll Pharm. Univ. July 7-12 1985 Abstr. - 53. N. Carolina University, Chapel Hill, NC
Ajao, A., et al. "Antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Spondias mombin, and Alchornea cordifolia - two local antimicrobial remedies." Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1985; 23(2): 67-72.

Carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides)

Carqueja contains a group of flavonoid chemicals with documented antiviral actions. Some of these chemicals have been synthesized by researchers and they are attempting to create derivatives or novel new chemicals that can be patented as new antiviral drugs from the natural ones found in carqueja.
Sadati, S., et al. "Docking study of flavonoid derivatives as potent inhibitors of influenza H1N1 virus neuraminidase." Biomed. Rep. 2019 Jan; 10(1): 33-38.
da Silva, A., et al. "Acute toxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf tincture Baccharis trimera (Less). Biomed J. 2018 Jun; 41(3): 194-201.
Visintini, M., et al. "In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts from Asteraceae medicinal plants." Virol. J. 2013 Jul; 10: 245.
Samy, R., et al. "Therapeutic potential of plants as anti-microbials for drug discovery." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2010 September; 7(3): 283-294
Morales, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of three Baccharis species used in the traditional medicine of Northern Chile." Molecules. 2008; 13(4): 790-4.
Sanchez Palomino, S., et al. "Screening of South American plants against human immunodeficiency virus: preliminary fractionation of aqueous extract from Baccharis trinervis." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 25(9): 1147-50.
Abad, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of Bolivian plant extracts." Gen. Pharmacol. 1999; 32(4): 499-503.
Abad, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of some South American medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1999 Mar; 13(2): 142-6.
Robinson, W., et al. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that inhibit HIV Integrase." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996; 93(13): 6326-31.
Abdel-Malek, S., et al. "Drug leads from the Kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia. 1. Background, rationale, protocol and anti-HIV activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50(3): 157-66.

Vassourinha (Scoparia dulcis)

Vassourinha contains scopadulcic acid B, scopadulin, and betulinic acid which have demonstrated strong antiviral properties at low dosages in several studies (including against Herpes simplex I in animal studies).*
Tchinda, C., et al. "Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Laportea ovalifolia and three other Cameroonian plants against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria." Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2017 May; 24(4): 950-955.
Hayashi, T., et al. "Investigation on traditional medicines of Guarany Indio and studies on diterpenes from Scoparia dulcis." Yakugaku Zasshi. 2011;131(9):1259-69.
Gonzales, M., et al. "Synthesis and antiviral activity of scopadulane-rearranged diterpenes." Antiviral Res. 2010 Mar; 85(3): 562-5.
Gachet, M., et al. "Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis." J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar; 128(1): 184-97.
Hayashi, T., et al. "[Studies on evaluation of natural products for antiviral effects and their applications]." Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008 Jan;128(1):61-79.
Latha, M., et al. "Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of an antidiabetic plant: Scoparia dulcis L." J. Med. Food. 2006 Fall; 9(3): 391-4.
Phan, M., et al. "Chemical and biological evaluation on scopadulane-type diterpenoids from Scoparia dulcis of Vietnamese origin." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006 Apr; 54(4): 546-9.
Hayashi, K., et al. "Evaluation of scopadulciol-related molecules for their stimulatory effect on the cytotoxicity of acyclovir and ganciclovir against Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene-transfected HeLa cells." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2004 Aug; 52(8): 1015-7.
Kanamoto, T., et al. "Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of YK-FH312 (a betulinic acid derivative), a novel compound blocking viral maturation." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45(4): 1225-30.
Rahman, S., et al. "The first total synthesis of (+/-)-scopadulin, an antiviral aphidicolane diterpene." Org. Lett. 2001 Feb; 3(4): 619-21.
Begum, S., et al. "Chemical and biological studies of Scoparia dulcis L. plant extracts." J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 2000; 24(2): 141-148.
Hayashi, T., et al. "Antiviral agents of plant origin. II. Antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B derivatives." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990; 38(1): 239-42.
Hayashi, T. Et al. "Antiviral agents of plant origin. III. Scopadulin, a novel tetracyclic diterpene from Scoparia dulcis L." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990; 38(4): 945-47.
Hayashi, K., et al. "In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against Herpes simplex virus type 1." Antiviral Res. 1988; 9(6): 345-54.
Laurens, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal species of Dakar markets." Pharmazie. 1985; 40(7): 482.

Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri, amarus)

Chanca piedra and at least five of its active plant chemicals have been reported in human, animal and/or test tube studies to have potent anti-viral actions.
Baiguera, C., et al. "Phyllanthus niruri versus placebo for chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A randomized controlled trial." Complement Med Res. 2018; 25(6): 376-382.
Reddy, B., et al. "A natural small molecule inhibitor corilagin blocks HCV replication and modulates oxidative stress to reduce liver damage." Antiviral Res. 2018 Feb; 150: 47-59.
Mohan, M., et al. "Molecular docking studies of phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri against Hepatitis B DNA polymerase." Bioinformation. 2015 Sep 30; 11(9): 426-31.
Bhat, S., et al. "Preclinical screening of Phyllanthus amarus ethanolic extract for its analgesic and antimicrobial activity." Pharmacognosy Res. 2014 Oct-Dec; 7(4): 378-84.
Liu, S., et al. "In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan nirtetralin B isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Nov 18; 157: 62-8.
Liu, S., et al. "In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Sep 11; 155(2): 1061-7.
Qi, F., et al. "Traditional Chinese medicine and related active compounds: a review of their role on hepatitis B virus infection." Drug Discov. Ther. 2013 Dec; 7(6): 212-24.
Faral-Tello, P., et al. "Cytotoxic, virucidal, and antiviral activity of South American plant and algae extracts." Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012: 174837
Wei, W., et al. "Lignans with anti-hepatitis B virus activities from Phyllanthus niruri L." Phytother Res. 2012 Jul; 26(7): 964-8.
Ravikumar, Y., et al. "Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by herbal extract: Phyllanthus amarus as potent natural source." Virus Res. 2011 Jun; 158(1-2): 89-97.
Cheng, H., et al. "Excoecarianin, isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea, inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection through inactivation of viral particles." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011; 2011: 259103.
Dirjomuljono, M., et al. "Symptomatic treatment of acute tonsillo-pharyngitis patients with a combination of Nigella sativa and Phyllanthus niruri extract." Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008; 46(6): 295-306.
Yang, C., et al. "The in vitro activity of geraniin and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infection." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr; 110(3): 555-8.
Bagalkotkar, G., et al. "Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2006 Dec; 58(12): 1559-70.
Naik, A., et al. "Effects of alkaloidal extract of Phyllanthus niruri on HIV replication." Indian J. Med. Sci. 2003 Sep; 57(9): 387-93.
Huang, R. L., et al. "Screening of 25 compounds isolated from Phyllanthus species for anti-human hepatitis B virus in vitro." Phytother. Res. 2003; 17(5): 449-53.
Liu, J., et al. "Genus Phyllanthus for chronic Hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review." Viral Hepat. 2001; 8(5): 358-66.
Xin-Hua, W., et al. "A comparative study of Phyllanthus amarus compound and interferon in the treatment of chronic viral Hepatitis B." Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2001; 32(1): 140-42.
Wang, M., et al. "Herbs of the genus Phyllanthus in the treatment of chronic Hepatitis B: Observation with three preparations from different geographic sites." J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1995; 126(4): 350-52.
Wang, M., et al. "Observations of the efficacy of Phyllanthus spp. in treating patients with chronic Hepatitis B." 1994; 19(12): 750-52.
Thyagarajan, S., et al. "Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of Hepatitis B virus." Lancet 1988; 2(8614): 764-66.
Venkateswaran, P., et al. "Effects of an extract from Phyllanthus niruri on Hepatitis B and wood chuck hepatitis viruses: in vitro and in vivo studies." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1987; 84(1): 274-78.
Bhumyamalaki, S., et al. "Phyllanthus niruri and jaundice in children." J. Natl. Integ. Med. Ass. 1983; 25(8): 269-72.
Thyagarajan, S., et al. "In vitro inactivation of HBsAG by Eclipta alba (Hassk.) and Phyllanthus niruri (Linn.)." Indian J. Med. Res. 1982; 76s: 124-30.
Notka, F., et al. "Concerted inhibitory activities of Phyllanthus amarus on HIV replication in vitro and ex vivo." Antiviral Res. 2004 Nov; 64(2): 93-102.
Notka, F., et al. "Inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus." Antiviral Res. 2003 Apr; 58(2): 175-186.
Qian-Cutrone, J. "Niruriside, a new HIV REV/RRE binding inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri." J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(2): 196-99.
Ogata, T., et al. "HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri." AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 1992; 8(11): 1937-44.

Copaiba Oil (Copaifera officinalis

Copaiba resin is the highest known natural source of caryophyllene, comprising up to 480,000 parts per million. Caryophyllene is a well known plant chemical which has been documented with anti-inflammatory and broad spectrum antimicrobial actions.
Souza, M., et al. "ent-Copalic acid antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against Actinomyces naeslundii and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius." Anaerobe. 2018 Aug; 52: 43-49.
Vieira, R., et al. "In vitro studies of the antibacterial activity of Copaifera spp. oleoresins, sodium hypochlorite, and peracetic acid against clinical and environmental isolates recovered from a hemodialysis unit." Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018; 7: 14
Diefenbach, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera ssp.) on oral pathogens: Systematic review." Phytother Res. 2018 Apr; 32(4): 586-596.
Ribeiro, V., et al. "Use of spinning band distillation equipment for fractionation of volatile compounds of Copaifera oleoresins for developing a validated gas chromatographic method and evaluating antimicrobial activity." Biomed. Chromatogr. 2018 Oct 26: e4412.
Diefenbach, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera ssp.) on oral pathogens: Systematic review." Phytother Res. 2018 Apr; 32(4): 586-596.
Guimarães, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) and pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba) oils against Staphylococcus aureus: Importance in compounding for wound care." Int. J. Pharm. Compd. 2016 Jan-Feb; 20(1): 58-62.
Tobouti, P., et al. "Influence of melaleuca and copaiba oils on adhesion." Gerodontology. 2016 Sep; 33(3): 380-5.
Bardaji, D., et al. "Copaifera reticulata oleoresin: Chemical characterization and antibacterial properties against oral pathogens." Anaerobe. 2016 Aug; 40: 18-27.
Abrão, F., et al. "Copaifera langsdorffii oleoresin and its isolated compounds: antibacterial effect and antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015 Dec 21; 15: 443.
Zimmermam-Franco, D., et al. "Antifungal activity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf oleoresin against dermatophytes." Molecules. 2013 Oct 11; 18(10): 12561-70.
Fonseca, A., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant-derived diterpenes against bovine mastitis bacteria." Molecules. 2013 Jul; 18(7): 7865-72.
Pieri, F. et al. "Bacteriostatic effect of copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis) against Streptococcus mutans." Braz Dent J. 2012;23(1):36-8.
Santos, R., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Amazonian oils against Paenibacillus species." J Invertebr Pathol. 2012 Mar;109(3):265-8.
Souza, A., et al. "Antimicrobial evaluation of diterpenes from Copaifera langsdorffii oleoresin against periodontal anaerobic bacteria." Molecules. 2011 Nov 18;16(11):9611-9.
Souza, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of terpenoids from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. against cariogenic bacteria." Phytother Res. 2011 Feb; 25(2): 215-20.
Astani, A., et al. "Screening for antiviral activities of isolated compounds from essential oils." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2010.
Pereira, S., et al. "Limited benefit of copaifera oil on gingivitis progression in humans." J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2010 Jan 1; 11(1): E057-64.
Correia, A., et al. "Amazonian plant crude extract screening for activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria." Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008 Nov-Dec; 12(6): 369-80.
Santos, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Brazilian copaiba oils obtained from different species of the Copaifera genus." Mem .Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 May; 103(3): 277-81.
Kuete, V., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Ixonanthaceae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Oct; 114(1): 54-60.
Cotoras, M., et al. "Characterization of the antifungal activity on Botrytis cinerea of the natural diterpenoids kaurenoic acid and 3beta-hydroxy-kaurenoic acid." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 May; 52(10): 2821-6.
Sartori, M., et al. "Antifungal activity of fractions and two pure Candida albicans compounds of flowers from Wedelia paludosa (Acmela brasiliensis) (Asteraceae)." Pharmazie. 2003; 58(8): 567-9.
Tincusi, B., et al. "Antimicrobial terpenoids from the oleoresin of the Peruvian medicinal plant Copaifera paupera." Planta Med. 2002; 68(9): 808-12.
Wilkins, M., et al. "Characterization of the bactericidal activity of the natural diterpene kaurenoic acid." Planta Med. 2002 68(5): 452-54.
Yang, D., et al. "Use of caryophyllene oxide as an antifungal agent in an in vitro experimental model of onychomycosis." Mycopathologia. 1999; 148(2): 79-82.
Davino, S., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of kaurenoic acid derivatives substituted on carbon-15." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1989; 22(9): 1127-29.
Maruzzella, J., et al. "Antibacterial activity of essential oil vapors." J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1960; 49: 692-94.

Sangre de Grado (Croton lechleri)

Extracts of sangre de grado have demonstrated antiviral activity against influenza, parainfluenza, Herpes simplex viruses I and II, and Hepatitis A and B. The antiviral and anti-diarrheal properties of sangre de grado came to the the attention of the pharmaceutical industry in the mid 1990's.. A U.S.-based pharmaceutical company filed patents on three pharmaceutical preparations that contain antiviral constituents and novel chemicals (a group of plant flavonoids they named SP-303), extracted from the bark and resin of sangre de grado. Their patented drugs include an oral product for the treatment of respiratory viral infections, a topical antiviral product for the treatment of herpes, and an oral product for the treatment of persistent diarrhea.
Roumy, V., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of traditional plant used in mestizo shamanism from the Peruvian Amazon in case of infectious diseases." Pharmacogn. Mag. 2015 Oct; 11(Suppl 4): S625-33.
Rodriguez-Garcia, A., et al. "Development and in vitro evaluation of biopolymers as a delivery system against periodontopathogen microorganisms." Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010; 23(2): 158-63.
Gurgel, L., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of dragon's blood from Croton urucurana against dermatophytes." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97(2): 409-12.
Williams, J. "Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Una de Gato and Sangre de Grado." Altern. Med. Rev. 2001; 6(6): 567-79.
Ubillas, R., et al. "SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago)." Phytomedicine. 1994 Sep; 1(2): 77-106.
Sidwell R., et al. "Influenza virus-inhibitory effects of intraperitoneally and aerosol-administered SP-303, a plant flavonoid." Chemotherapy. 1994; 40(1): 42-50.
Chen, Z., et al. "Studies on the anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties of dragon’s blood." Planta Med. 1994; 60(6): 541-45.
Rao, G., et al. "Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Dragon's blood resin."J. Nat. Prod. 1982 Sep-Oct; 45(5): 646-8.

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