A synergistic formula of 10 rainforest botanicals traditionally used in South America for parasites.* For more information on the individual ingredients in Amazon A-P, follow the links provided below to the plant database files in the Tropical Plant Database. More information can also be found in the new Antimicrobial Guide and Leslie Taylor's blog on this formula.

Ingredients: A proprietary blend of amargo, simarouba, boldo, fedegoso, carqueja, quinine, erva tostão, epazote, anamu, and graviola. To prepare this natural remedy yourself: use 3 parts amargo, 3 parts simarouba and one part each boldo, fedegoso, carqueja, quinine, erva tostão, epazote, anamu, and graviola. To make a small amount... "1 part" could be one tablespoon (you'd have 14 tablespoons of the blended herbal formula). For larger amounts, use "1 part" as one ounce, or one cup, or one pound or any other measurement you'd like. Combine all the herbs together well. The herbal mixture can then be stuffed into capsules or brewed into tea, stirred into juice or other liquid, or taken however you'd like.
Suggested Use: Take 1-2 grams by weight (or about 1/2 to 1 teaspoon by volume) every 4-6 hours as needed.
Contraindications: Not to be used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
Other Practitioner Observations:
1. Several plants in this formula have been documented with hypotensive properties in animal studies. Individuals with low blood pressure should be monitored more closely for this possible effect.
2. This formula is more effective if taken consecutively for a minimum of 40 days.
3. Do not exceed 9 capsules daily. Exceeding recommended amount may cause stomach cramps.

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Third-Party Published Research*

Amargo (Quassia amara)

Laboratory studies on amargo and its chemicals reports the bark possesses antiparasitic, anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions.
Lemma, M., et al. "Medicinal plants for in vitro antiplasmodial activities: A systematic review of literature." Parasitol Int. 2017 Dec; 66(6): 713-720.
Bourdy, G, et al. "Quassia "biopiracy" case and the Nagoya Protocol: A researcher's perspective." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Jul 12; 206: 290-297.
Mans, D., et al. "In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Mar; 180: 70-7.
Zafar, A., et al. "Novel non-peptide inhibitors against SmCL1 of Schistosoma mansoni: In silico elucidation, implications and evaluation via knowledge based drug discovery." PLoS One. 2015 May; 10(5): e0123996.
Le, H., et al. "Development and validation of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of simalikalactone E in extracts of Quassia amara L. and in mouse blood." Phytochem Anal. 2015 Mar-Apr; 26(2): 111-8.
Rampogu, S. "Role of quassinoids as potential antimalarial agents: An in silico approach." Anc. Sci. Life. 2015 Oct-Dec; 35(2): 85-9.
Sama, W., et al. "Larvicidal properties of simalikalactone D from Quassia africana (Simaroubaceae) Baill and Baill, on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2014 Jun; 11(4): 84-8.
Jullian, V., et al. "Isolation of Simalikalactone E and use thereof as a medicament, in the treatment of malaria." December 10, 2013 United States Patent 8,604,220
Diehl, C., et al. "Topical and intravaginal microbicidal and antiparasitic compositions comprising quassinoids or quassinoid-containing plant extracts." October 29, 2013 United States Patent 8,568,794
Bertani, S., et al. "New findings on Simalikalactone D, an antimalarial compound from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae)." Exp Parasitol. 2012 Apr; 130(4): 341-7.
Musuyu Muganza, D., et al. "In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of 33 ethonopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 May; 141(1): 301-8.
Deharo, E., et al. "Analysis of additivity and synergism in the anti-plasmodial effect of purified compounds from plant extracts" Malar J. 2011; 10 (Suppl 1): S5.
Mishra, K., et al. "Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro interaction of quassin and neo-quassin with artesunate, a hemisuccinate derivative of artemisinin." Exp Parasitol. 2010 Apr; 124(4): 421-7.
Cachet, N., et al. "Antimalarial activity of simalikalactone E, a new quassinoid from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae)." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009 Oct; 53(10): 4393-8.
Houel, E., et al. "Quassinoid constituents of Quassia amara L. leaf herbal tea. Impact on its antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Oct; 126(1): 114-8.
Bertani, S., et al. "Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) leaf tea: Effect of the growing stage and desiccation status on the antimalarial activity of a traditional preparation." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr 20; 111(1): 40-2.
Botsaris, A. "Plants used traditionally to treat malaria in Brazil: the archives of Flora Medicinal." J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2007; 3: 18.
Bertani, S., et al. "Simalikalactone D is responsible for the antimalarial properties of an Amazonian traditional remedy made with Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Nov; 108(1): 155-7.
Vigneron, M., et al. "Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: A knowledge, attitudes and practices study." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr; 98(3): 351-60.
Bertani, S., et al. "Evaluation of French Guiana traditional antimalarial remedies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr; 98(1-2): 45-54.
Ajaiyeoba, E., et al. "In vivo antimalarial activities of Quassia amara and Quassia undulata plant extracts in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67(3): 321-25.
Wright, C., et al. "Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba amara stem, and a number of quassinoids." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1988; 32(11): 1725-9
O'Neill, M., et al. "Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs: in vitro antimalarial activities of some quassinoids." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986; 30(1): 101-4.
Trager, W., et al. "Antimalarial activity of quassinoids against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro." Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1981; 30(3): 531-37.

Simarouba (Simarouba amara)

The main active group of chemicals in simarouba are called quassinoids which are well known to scientists. The antiprotozoal and antimalarial properties of these chemicals have been documented for many years. Several of the quassinoids found in simarouba, such as ailanthinone, glaucarubinone, and holacanthone, are considered the plant's main constituents and are the ones documented to be antiprotozal, anti-amebic, and antimalarial.
Mans, D., et al. "In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Mar; 180: 70-7.
Zafar, A., et al. "Novel non-peptide inhibitors against SmCL1 of Schistosoma mansoni: In silico elucidation, implications and evaluation via knowledge based drug discovery." PLoS One. 2015 May; 10(5): e0123996.
Kholiya, F., et al. "Fundamental studies on the feasibility of deep eutectic solvents for the selective partition of glaucarubinone present in the roots of Simarouba glauca." J. Sep. Sci. 2015 Sep; 38(18): 3170-3175.
Diehl, C., et al. "Topical and intravaginal microbicidal and antiparasitic compositions comprising quassinoids or quassinoid-containing plant extracts." United States Patent 8,568,794 October 29, 2013
Muganza, D., et al. "In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of 33 ethonopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from Democratic Republic of Congo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 May; 141(1): 301-8.
Garcia, M., et al. "Activity of Cuban Plants extracts against Leishmania amazonensis." ISRN Pharmacol. 2012; 2012:104540.
Francois, G., et al. "Antimalarial and cytotoxic potential of four quassinoids from Hannoa chlorantha and Hannoa klaineana, and their structure-activity relationships." Int. J. Parasitol. 1998; 28(4): 635-40.
Franssen, F., et al. "In vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in Guatemala against malaria." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997; 41(7): 1500-3.
Wright, C., et al. "Quassinoids exhibit greater selectivity against Plasmodium falciparum than against Entamoeba histoyltica, Giardia intestinalis or Toxoplasma gondii in vitro." J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1993; 40(3): 244-46.
Kirby, G., et al. "In vitro studies on the mode of action of quassinoids with activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum." Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989; 38(24): 4367-74.
O’Neill, M., et al. "Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs, Part 6. Activities of Simarouba amara fruits." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22(2): 183-90.
Wright, C., et al. "Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba amara stem, and a number of quassinoids." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1988; 32(11): 1725-9
O’Neill, M., et al. "The activity of Simarouba amara against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987; Suppl. 39: 80.
Monjour, I., et al. "Therapeutic trials of experimental murine malaria with the quassinoid, glaucarubinone." C. R. Acad. Sci. Ill. 1987; 304(6): 129-32.
Trager, W., et al. "Antimalarial activity of quassinoids against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro." Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1981; 30(3): 531-37.
Duriez, R., et al. "Glaucarubin in the treatment of amebiasis." Presse Med. 1962; 70: 1291.
Spencer, C., et al. "Survey of plants for antimalarial activity." Lloydia 1947; 10: 145-74.
Cuckler, A., et al. "Efficacy and toxicity of simaroubidin in experimental amoebiasis." Fed. Proc. 1944; 8: 284.
Shepheard, S., et al. "Persistent carriers of Entameba histolytica." Lancet 1918: 501.

Boldo (Peumus boldus)

Boldo (Peumus boldus) Boldo leaves contains a phytochemical called asaridole (which is also found in epazote). This plant chemical has been documented to possess antiparasitic, antimalarial, and vermifuge/anthelmintic (worm-expelling) properties.
Diaz, G., et al. "[Antihelminthic activity of Peumus boldus extract compared to piperazine citrate on the egg and larva of Ascaris suum.] Rev. Invest. Sci. (Rebiol) 2018; 38(1)
Salama, I., et al. "Evaluation of boldine activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis." Korean J. Parasitol. 2017 Jun; 55(3): 337-340.
de Castro, D., et al. "Larvicidal activity of essential oil of Peumus boldus Molina and its ascaridole-enriched fraction against Culex quinquefasciatus." Exp. Parasitol. 2016 Dec; 171: 84-90.
Chan, J., et al, "Pharmacological profiling an abundantly expressed schistosome serotonergic GPCR identifies nuciferine as a potent antagonist. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2016 Dec; 6(3): 364-370.
Calderón, C., et al. "[Antihelminthic activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Pneumus boldus leaves (Monimiaceae) on Ascaris suum L2 larva.]" Peruv. J. Parasitol. 2016; 24(1): e15-e23.
Mollataghi, A., et al. "Anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-a-glucosidase, anti-leishmanial and anti-fungal activities of chemical constituents of Beilschmiedia species." Fitoterapia. 2012 Mar; 83(2): 298-302.
Sandoval-Castroa, C., et al. "Using plant bioactive materials to control gastrointestinal tract helminths in livestock" Animal Feed Sci. Tech. 2012 Sep; 176(1–4): 192-201.
Monzote, L., et al. "Comparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides." Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Feb; 6(2):281-6.
van Krimpen, M., et al. "Anthelmintic effects of phytogenic feed additives in Ascaris suum inoculated pigs." Vet Parasitol. 2010 Mar; 168(3-4): 269-77.
Werner, A., et al. "Current and developing therapeutic agents in the treatment of Chagas disease." Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2010; 4: 243–253.
Torres, M., et al. "Larvicidal and nematicidal activities of the leaf essential oil of Croton regelianus." Chem Biodivers. 2008 Dec; 5(12): 2724-8
Morello, A., et al. "Trypanocidal effect of boldine and related alkaloids upon several strains of Trypanosoma cruzi." Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 1994; 107(3): 367-71.
Johnson, M., et al. "Biosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit." Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1984 Nov; 235(1): 254-66

Fedegoso (Cassia occidentalis)

Fedegoso has also been used for many types of parasitic infections for many years in the tropical countries where it grows.* In vitro research on fedegoso over the years has reported antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimalarial properties.*
Ukil, B., et al. "Functional imaging of neurotransmitters in Hymenolepis diminuta treated with senna plant through light and confocal microscopy." Microsc. Microanal. 2018 Dec; 24(6): 734-743.
Sharma, A., et al. "Evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of five indigenous weeds against an indian strain of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)." J. Parasitol. Res. 2016; 2016:2857089.
Roy, S., et al. "Senna leaf extracts induced Ca(+2) homeostasis in a zoonotic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta." Pharm Biol. 2016 Oct; 54(10): 2353-7.
Panneerselvam, C., et al. "Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)." Parasitol Res. 2013 Feb; 112(2): 679-92.
Murugan, K., et al. "Mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis (Cassiae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) from Maruthamalai hills against Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitol. Res. 2015 Oct; 114(10): 3657-64.
Kumar, S., et al. "Evaluation of 15 Local Plant Species as Larvicidal Agents Against an Indian Strain of Dengue Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)." Front Physiol. 2012;3:104.
Kundu, S., et al. "In vitro screening for cestocidal activity of three species of Cassia plants against the tapeworm Raillietina tetragona." J Helminthol. 2012 Mar; 20:1-6.
Kumar, S., et al. "Evaluation of 15 local plant species as larvicidal agents against an Indian Strain of dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)." Front. Physiol. 2012; 3: 104.
Kundu, S., et al. "In vitro screening for cestocidal activity of three species of Cassia plants against the tapeworm Raillietina tetragona." J. Helminthol. 2012 Mar 20: 1-6.
Equale, T., et al. "In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of five medicinal plants against egg-hatching and larval development of Haemonchus contortus." J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):108-13.
Ibrahim, M., et al. "Senna occidentalis leaf extract possesses antitrypanosomal activity and ameliorates the trypanosome-induced anemia and organ damage." Pharmacognosy Res. 2010 May;2(3):175-80.
Tona, L., et al. "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jul; 93(1): 27-32.
Tona, L., et al. "In-vivo antimalarial activity of Cassia occidentalis, Morinda morindoides and Phyllanthus niruri." Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2001; 95(1): 47–57.
Gasquet, M., et al. "Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of a traditional antimalarial, ‘Malarial 5.’" Fitoterapia 1993; 64(5): 423.
Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., et al. "A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs." Phytother. Res. 1989; 6(2): 68–73.

Carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides, trimera)

Several novel plant chemicals called clerodane diterpenoids have been identified in carqueja and, in 1994, scientists showed that these chemicals had maximum effects against intestinal worms. Carqueja is also a significant source of apigenin which has good antiparastic actions.
Antwi, C., et al. "In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani." PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019 Feb; 13(2): e0007206.
Ueno, A. et al. "Antitrypanosomal activity and evaluation of the mechanism of action of diterpenes from aerial parts of Baccharis retusa (Asteraceae)." Fitoterapia. 2018 Mar; 125: 55-58.
Fallatah, O., et al. "Apigenin-induced ABCC1-mediated efflux of glutathione from mature erythrocytes inhibits the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2017 Nov; 50(5): 673-677.
Beer, M., et al. "Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of flavonoids isolated from Stevia satureiifolia var. satureiifolia." Pharm. Biol. 2016 Oct; 54(10) :2188-95.
Fonseca-Silva, F., et al. "Oral efficacy of apigenin against cutaneous Leishmaniasis: involvement of reactive oxygen species and autophagy as a mechanism of action." PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016 Feb; 10(2): e0004442.
de Oliveira, R., et al. "Anthelmintic activity in vitro and in vivo of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC against immature and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni." Exp. Parasitol. 2014 Apr; 139: 63-72.
Lázaro, S., et al. "Effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on development and hatching of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acaridae) eggs." Vet. Parasitol. 2013 May; 194(1): 79-82.
de Souza Fernandes, F., et al. "Anthelmintic effects of alkylated diamines and amino alcohols against Schistosoma mansoni." BioMed. Res. Intl. 2013 Aug; (4): 783490. ·
de Oliveira, R., et al. "Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of essential oil of Baccharis trimera (less) DC." Exp. Parasitol. 2012 Oct; 132(2): 135-43
Parreira, N., et al. “Antiprotozoal, schistosomicidal, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia.” Chem. Biodiv. 2010; 7(4): 993–1001.
Mead, J., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of flavonoids and isoflavones against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis." FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006 Jun; 259(1): 153-7.
Sosa, M., et al. "Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids." J. Nat. Prod. 1994; 57(9): 1262–
Herz, W., et al. "New ent-clerodane-type diterpenoids from Baccharis trimera." J. Org. Chem. 1977 Nov 25; (24): 42.

Quinine (Cinchona succirubra)

Quinine bark has long been documented with antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, and antimalarial actions in laboratory studies.
Gachelin, G., et al. "Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria." J. R. Soc. Med. 2017 Jan; 110(1): 31-40.
Leverrier, A., et al. "Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities."
Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015 Jul; 100: 10-7.
Leverrier, A., et al. "Antiparasitic hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids." Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013 Aug; 66: 355-63.
Wilcox, M. "Improved traditional phytomedicines in current use for the clinical treatment of malaria." Planta Med. 2011 Apr;77(6):662-71.
Kamgno, J., et al. "A controlled trial to assess the effect of quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, and artesunate on Loa loa microfilaremia." Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Mar;82(3):379-85.
Correa, J., et al. "Interference with hemozoin formation represents an important mechanism of schistosomicidal action of antimalarial quinoline methanols." PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Jul 14;3(7):e477.
Bertani, S., et al. "Evaluation of French Guiana traditional antimalarial remedies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr; 98(1-2): 45-54.
Pukrittayakamee, S., et al. "Quinine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in uncomplicated falciparum malaria." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47(11): 3458-63.
Warhurst, D. C., et al. "The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids. Malar. J. 2003 Sep 01; 2(1):26.
Pussard, E., et al. "Quinine distribution in mice with Plasmodium berghei malaria." Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 2003 Jan-Mar; 28(1): 11-20.
Nakajima, Y. "Antiprotozoal drugs." Nippon Rinsho. 2003 Feb; 61 Suppl 2: 774-9.
Vieira, J. L., et al. "Drug monitoring of quinine in men with nonsevere falciparum malaria: study in the Amazon region of Brazil." Ther. Drug Monit. 2001 Dec; 23(6): 612-5.
Tagboto, S., et al. "Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products." Adv. Parasitol. 2001; 50: 199-295.
Aviado, D. M., et al. "Antimalarial and antiarrhythmic activity of plant extracts." Medicina Experimentalis—International Journal of Experimental Medicine 1969; 19(20), 79–94.

Erva Tostão (Boerhaavia diffusa)

Laboratory studies document that erva tostão has anti-amebic actions in animal studies and in vitro studies.
Kaur, S., et al. "Antileishmanial efficacy of Boerhaavia diffusa L. and Ocimum sanctum L. against experimental visceral leishmaniasis." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2015 Aug; 53(8): 522-9.
Hilou, A., et al. "In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus L. and Boerhaavia erecta L. in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jan; 103(2): 236-40.
Sohni, Y., et al. "The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug formulation of herbal extracts against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 45 1: 43–52.
Sohni, Y., et al. "Activity of a crude extract formulation in experimental hepatic amoebiasis and in immunomodulation studies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996 Nov; 54(2-3): 119–24.
Vijayalakshimi, K., et al. "Nematicidal properties of some indigenous plant materials against second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (koffoid and white) chitwood." Indian J. Entomol. 1979; 4(4): 326–331.
Borrelli F, et al. "Isolation of new rotenoids from Boerhaavia diffusa and evaluation of their effect on intestinal motility." Planta Med. 2005; 71(10): 928-32.

Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)

Many studies confirm epazote's effective uses against various intestinal parasites and worms in humans and animals.
Zamilpa, A., et al. "In vitro nematicidal effect of Chenopodium ambrosioides and Castela tortuosa n-hexane extracts against Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda) and their anthelmintic effect in gerbils." J. Helminthol. 2018 May 6: 1-6.
Monzote, L., et al. "Interaction of ascaridole, carvacrol, and caryophyllene oxide from essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. with mitochondria in Leishmania and other eukaryotes." Phytother. Res. 2018 Sep; 32(9): 1729-1740.
Shah, H., et al. "Phytochemical characterisation of an important medicinal plant, Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn." Nat. Prod. Res. 2017 Oct; 31(19): 2321-2324.                                     
Cysne, D., et al. "Antimalarial potential of leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L." Parasitol. Res. 2016 Nov; 115(11): 4327-4334.
Baldissera, M. "In vitro and in vivo action of terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene against Trypanosoma evansi." Exp. Parasitol. 2016 Mar; 162: 43-8.
Kouam, M., et al. "Evaluation of in vivo acaricidal effect of soap containing essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves on Rhipicephalus lunulatus in the western highland of Cameroon." J. Pathog. 2015; 2015: 516869.
Pastor, J., et al. "Combinations of ascaridole, carvacrol, and caryophyllene oxide against Leishmania." Acta Trop. 2015 May; 145: 31-8.
de Queiroz, A., et al. "Antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants used in endemic areas in northeastern Brazil." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014; 2014: 478290.
Monzote, L., et al. "Antileishmanial activity of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and its main components against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice." Phytomedicine. 2014 Jul-Aug; 21(8-9): 1048-52.
Monzote, L., et al. "Essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and main components: activity against Leishmania, their mitochondria and other microorganisms." Exp. Parasitol. 2014 Jan; 136: 20-6.
Borges, A., et al. "Trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from medicinal plants of Northeast of Brazil." Exp. Parasitol. 2012 Oct; 132(2): 123-8.
Nibret. E., et al. "Trypanocidal and cytotoxic effects of 30 Ethiopian medicinal plants." Z. Naturforsch C. 2011 Nov-Dec; 66(11-12): 541-6.
Lans, C., et al. "Organic parasite control for poultry and rabbits in British Columbia, Canada." J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2011 Jul; 7: 21.
Kamel, E., et al. "Parasitological and biochemical parameters in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice treated with methanol extract from the plants Chenopodium ambrosioides, Conyza dioscorides and Sesbania sesban." Parasitol. Int. 2011 Dec; 60(4): 388-92.
Monzote, L., et al. "Comparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011 Feb; 6(2): 281-6.
Reis, M., et al. "Toxocara canis: potential activity of natural products against second-stage larvae in vitro and in vivo." Exp. Parasitol. 2010 Oct; 126(2): 191-7.
Monzote, L., et al. "Effect of oral treatment with the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides against cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, caused by Leishmania amazonensis." Forsch. Komplementmed. 2009 Oct; 16(5): 334-8.
Patrício, F., et al. "Efficacy of the intralesional treatment with Chenopodium ambrosioides in the murine infection by Leishmania amazonensis." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jan; 115(2): 313-9.
Monzote, L., et al. "Combined effect of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and antileishmanial drugs on promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis." Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2007 Jul-Aug; 49(4): 257-60.
Monzote, L., et al. "In vitro activity of an essential oil against Leishmania donovani." Phytother. Res. 2007 Nov; 21(11): 1055-8.
de Almeida, M., et al. "[Effects of aqueous extracts of Mentha piperita L. and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves in infective larvae cultures of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats]." Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 57-9.
Monzote, L., et al. "Activity, toxicity and analysis of resistance of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides after intraperitoneal, oral and intralesional administration in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis: a preliminary study." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2007
Feb-Apr; 61(2-3): 148-53.
Monzote, L., et al. "Activity of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides grown in Cuba against Leishmania amazonensis." Chemotherapy. 2006; 52(3): 130-6.
Chiasson, H., et al. "Acaricidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical." J. Econ. Entomol. 2004 Aug; 97(4): 1373-7.
MacDonald, D., et al. "Ascaridole-less infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides contain a nematocide(s) that is(are) not toxic to mammalian smooth muscle." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun; 92(2-3): 215-21.
Kiuchi, F., et al. "Monoterpene hydroperoxides with trypanocidal activity from Chenopodium ambrosioides." J. Nat. Prod. 2002 Apr; 65(4): 509-12.
Quinlan, M., et al. "Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica, West Indies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr; 80(1): 75-83.
López De Guimaraes, D., et al. "[Ascariasis: comparison of the therapeutic efficacy between paico and albendazole in children from Huaraz]." Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru. 2001 Jul-Sep; 21(3): 212-9.
Giove Nakazawa, R. "[Traditional medicine in the treatment of enteroparasitosis]." Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru. 1996 Sep-Dec; 16(3): 197-202.
França, F., et al. "Plants used in the treatment of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an endemic area of Bahia, Brazil." Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 1996 May-Jun; 29(3): 229-32.
Okuyama, E., et al. "Ascaridole as a pharmacologically active principle of "Paico," a medicinal Peruvian plant." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993 Jul; 41(7): 1309-11.
Pollack, Y., et al. "The effect of ascaridole on the in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitol. Res. 1990; 76(7): 570-2.
Kliks, M.. "Studies on the traditional herbal anthelmintic Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: ethnopharmacological evaluation and clinical field trials." Soc. Sci. Med. 1985; 21(8): 879-86.

Anamu (Petiveria alliacea)

Anamu has traditionally been used for internal parasites in South America for many years. Scientific research validates these uses reporting anamu is active against many types of parasites in their various stages of development.
Flota-Burgos, G., et al. "Anthelminthic activity of methanol extracts of Diospyros anisandra and
Flota-Burgos, G., et al. "Anthelminthic activity of methanol extracts of Diospyros anisandra and Petiveria alliacea on Cyathostomin (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) larval development and egg hatching" Vet Parasitol. 2017 Dec; 248: 74-79.
Zavala Ocampo, L., et al. "Antiamoebic activity of Petiveria alliacea leaves and their main component, isoarborinol." J. Micriol. Biotechnol. 2017 Aug; 27(8): 1401-1408.
Arceo-Medina, G., et al. "Synergistic action of fatty acids, sulphides and stilbene against acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet. Parasitol. 2016 Sep; 228: 121-125.
Kasper, S., et al. "Chemical inhibition of kynureninase reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing and virulence factor expression. ACS Chem. Biol. 2016 Apr; 11(4): 1106-17.
Lowe, H., et al. "Inhibition of the Human Hepatitis C virus by dibenzyl trisulfide from Petiveria alliacea L (Guinea Hen Weed)." Br. Microbio. Res. J. 2016; 12(1): 1-6.
Lowe, H., et al. "Petiveria alliacea L (guinea hen weed) and its major metabolite dibenzyl trisulfide demonstrate HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity." Euro. J. Med. Plants 2015; 5(1): 88-94.
Kerdudo, A., et al. "Essential oil composition and biological activities of Petiveria alliacea L. from Martinique." J. Essential Oil Res. 2015 Feb; 27: 186-196.
Illnait-Zaragozí1, M., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of crude hydro-alcoholic extract of Petiveria alliacea L on clinical Candida isolates." Clin. Microbial. 2014 Jul; 3(4)
Kasper, S., et al. "S-aryl-L-cysteine sulphoxides and related organosulphur compounds alter oral biofilm development and AI-2-based cell-cell communication." J. Appl. Microbiol. 2014 Nov; 117(5): 1472-86.
Romero, O. “[Contribution to the standardization of the process of obtaining an extract of leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (Anamú) on a laboratory scale].” (Thesis) 2014. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultadde Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia. Bogotá, Colombia.
Garrido, B., et al. “[Pharmacognostic characters for quality control of Petiveria alliacea, Lippia graveolens and Tagetes lucida].” Dominguezia. 2013; 29(2): 25-39.
Ochoa, A., et al. "Physical, physical-chemical and chemical characterization of total extracts of fresh leaves from Petiveria alliacea L. with antimicrobial action." Rev. Mex. Cienc. Farm. 2013; 44(1): 52-59.
Pacheco, A., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of total extracts of the leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (Anamu)." Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013 Apr/Jun; 49(2): 241-250.
Neves, A., et al. "Acaricidal activity and essential oil composition of Petiveria alliacea L. from Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil)." J. Essential Oil Res. 2011; 1(1).
Mulyani, Y., et al. “Petiveria alliacea: New alternative for the treatment of sensitive and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” J. Pharmacog. Phytother. 2012 Dec; 4(7): 91-95.
Illnait, M., et al. “[Antifungal effect of an extract of Petiveria alliacea L].” Rev. CENIC Sci. Bio.. 2010; 41 (1): 79-82.
Guedes, R., et al. “[Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Petiveria alliacea (guinea) against standard strains of fungi].” Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 2009; 28(4): 520-4.
Guedes, R., et al. "[Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of Petiveria alliacea L.]." Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 2009; 28(4): 520-4.
Illnait, M., et al. “Evaluation of the antimycotic effect of Petiveria alliacea L.” Poster Presentations. Mycoses 2009; 52 (S1): 29-123.
Marín, J., et al. “[Technological study of the extract of the leaves of the Petiveria alliacea L].” Rev. CENIC Sci. Chem. 2008; 39 (3): 141-145.
Ochoa, A., et al. “[Study of physical and qualitative chemical stability of the optimized extract of the leaves of Petiveria alliaceaca L.].” Rev. Cuba. Chem. 2008; 20 (1): 3-8.
Mujawimana, R., et al. "[Antimicrobial evaluation of total extracts of the leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (anamú)]." [Thesis] Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 2008: 1-45.
Ferrer, J., et al. “Main ethnomedical references of anamú (Petiveria alliacea Linn) and active ingredients found in the plant.” Rev. Sci. Bio. 2007; 38(1)
Kim, S., et al. "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 188-92.
Mushah, R., et al. "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L." Phosp. Sulfur. Sil. 2005; 180: 1455-1456.
Kubec, R., et al. "The lachrymatory principle of Petiveria alliacea." Phytochemistry. 2003 May; 63(1): 37-40.
Martínez Pilar, M., et al. “[Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and microbiological study of Petiveria alliaceae Lin 1998].” Gaceta Médica Espirituana 2003; 5 (1).
Ruffa, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of Petiveria alliacea against the bovine diarrhea virus." Chemotherapy. 2002; 48(3): 144-47.
Pérez, D. “[Medicinal ethnobotany and biocides for malaria in the Ucayali Region]." FoliaAmazónica. 2002; 13 (1-2): 87-108.
Benevides, P., et al. "Antifungal polysulphides from Petiveria alliacea L." Phytochemistry. 2001; 57(5): 743-7.
Echeverria, A., et al. “[Effect of an extract of Petiveria alliacea Linn on the growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro].” Rev. Cuba Med. Mil. 2001; 303: 161-5.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Oct; 62(3): 195-202.
Berger, I., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep; 62(2): 107-15.
Melis R., et al. "[Pharmacological and toxicological characterization of Petiveria alliacea (anamú) and evaluation of antimicrobial activity]." Rev. Cuba. Farm. 1994; 28 (1): 55-9.
Hoyos, L., et al. "Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of a folk medicine, Petiveria alliaceae (Anamu)." Mutat. Res. 1992; 280(1): 29-34.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. I. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Misas, C., et al. "The biological assessment of Cuban plants. III." Rev. Cub. Med. Trop. 1979; 31(1): 21-27.
Von Szczepanski, C., et al. "Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of an antimicrobial substance from Petiveria alliacea." Arzneim-Forsch. 1972; 22: 1975-.
Feng, P., et al. "Further pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1964; 16: 115.

Graviola (Annona muricata)

Graviola contains chemicals called Annonaceous acetogenins which have been documented and patented as antiparasitic and insecticidal agents.
Leesombun, A., et al. "Ethanol extracts from Thai plants have anti-plasmodium and anti-toxoplasma activities in vitro." Acta Parasitol. 2019 Feb 28.
Lemos da Silva, L., et al. “Antiprotozoal investigation of 20 plant metabolites on Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. Atalantoflavone alters the mitochondrial membrane potential.” Parasitology. 2019 Feb: 1-8.
Toghueo R., et al. "Antiplasmodial potential and GC-MS fingerprint of endophytic fungal extracts derived from Cameroonian Annona muricata." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Feb; 235: 111-121.
Ribeiro L., et al. “Toxicity of an annonin-based commercial bioinsecticide against three primary pest species of stored products.” Neotrop. Entomol. 2018 Feb; 47(1): 145-151.
Somsak, V., et al. "In vivo antimalarial activity of Annona muricata leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei." J. Pathog. 2016; 2016: 3264070.
Santhosh, S., "Spectral and HRTEM analyses of Annona muricata leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and its larvicidal efficacy against three mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti." J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2015 Dec; 153: 184-90.
Santhosh, S., et al. "Annona muricata leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles synthesis and its larvicidal potential against dengue, malaria and filariasis vector." Parasitol. Res. 2015 Aug; 114(8): 3087-96.
Yamthe, L., et al. "Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum." Medicines. 2015 Apr; 2(2): 55-66.
Mohd Abd Razak, M., et al. "Effect of selected local medicinal plants on the asexual blood stage of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum." BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2014 Dec; 14: 492.
Ferreira, L., et al. "In vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) against Haemonchus contortus from sheep." Exp. Parasitol. 2013 Jul; 134(3): 327-32.
Vila-Nova, N., et al. "Different susceptibilities of Leishmania spp. promastigotes to the Annona muricata acetogenins annonacinone and corossolone, and the Platymiscium floribundum coumarin scoparone." Exp. Parasitol. 2013 Mar; 133(3): 334-8.
Vila-Nova N., et al. "Leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of compounds from two Annonacea species cultivated in Northeastern Brazil." Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2011 Oct; 44(5): 567-71.
Broglio-Micheletti, S., et al. "[Plant extracts in control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory]." Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2009 Oct-Dec; 18(4): 44-8.
Osorio, E., et al. "Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities in vitro of Colombian Annonaceae." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May; 111(3): 630-5.
Jaramillo, M., et al. "Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp." Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(2): 183-6.
Antoun, M., et al. "Screening of the flora of Puerto Rico for potential antimalarial bioactives." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(4): 255-58.
Heinrich, M., et al. "Parasitological and microbiological evaluation of Mixe Indian medicinal plants (Mexico)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 36(1): 81-5.
Bories, C., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of Annona muricata and Annona cherimolia seeds." Planta Med. 1991; 57(5): 434-36.
Gbeassor, M., et al. "In vitro antimalarial activity of six medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 115-17.
Tattersfield, F., et al. "The insecticidal properties of certain species of Annona and an Indian strain of Mundulea sericea (Supli)." Ann. Appl. Biol. 1940; 27: 262-73.

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