Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) -- Cashew

Chemicals

4-O-METHYL-GLUCURONIC-ACID Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALANINE Seed 7,020 - 7,141 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant PC27:969 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Oxidant PC27:969

ALPHA-CATECHIN Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 1,610 - 1,638 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antiaggregant FIH ; Antiinflammatory IC50=42 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; Antimetastatic FIH ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hypotensive FIH ; Immunostimulant 0.12 ml/man/day FIH ; Lymphocytogenic 0.5 ug/ml FIH ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 39.5 g/day/hmn ARS:451

ALUMINUM Seed 2 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antisilicotic MPT ; Antivaginitic MAR ; Candidicide MAR ; Encephalopathic M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANACARDIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial 411 ; Antiprostaglandin JBH ; Antithrombotic CAN ; Antitumor M11 ; Aphicide? ABS2 ; Dermatitigenic JBH ; Fungicide 411 ; Molluscicide <10 ppm DUKE1992B ; Nematicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide PC29:1815 ; Protisticide 411 ; Schistosomicide DUKE1992B

ANACARDOL Seed: DUKE1992A

Antitumor DUKE1992B

ANTIMONY Seed 0.3 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARABINOSE Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARGININE Seed 17,410 - 17,711 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic? WIC ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antiimpotence JMF1(3) ; Antiinfertility 4 g/day WER ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Aphrodisiac 3 g/day; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Hypoammonemic JBH ; NO-Genic JMF1(3) ; Pituitary-Stimulant PJB1(2):260 ; Spermigenic 4 g/day WER

ARSENIC Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anorexic FHN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ASCORBIC-ACID Fruit 252 - 17,500 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 890 - 2,957 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 20 - 21 ppm DUKE1992A

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER ; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR ; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antigingivitic PAM ; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER ; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer WER ; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292 ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vulnerary PAM

ASH Fruit 2,000 - 28,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 12,000 - 40,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 26,000 - 32,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ASPARTIC-ACID Seed 15,050 - 15,310 ppm DUKE1992A

Antimorphinic MAR ; Neuroexcitant MAR ; Roborant M11

BARIUM Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BENZALDEHYDE Fruit: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R594 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial LAF337 ; Anticancer ARO95:16 ; Antipeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ARO95:16 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 150-800 ARC ; Immunostimulant ARO95:16 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Narcotic M11 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.82 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=820 uM JAF46:1268 ID50=87 ug/ml JAF46:1268

BETA-CAROTENE Fruit 7.6 - 53 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 6 - 20 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 0.6 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic PAM ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Colorant JBH ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH

BETA-SITOSTEROL Seed: DUKE1992A

Androgenic DUKE1992B ; Anorexic MAR ; Antiadenomic M11 ; Antiandrogenic JE28:221 ; Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl DFN:160 ; Antiestrogenic JE28:221 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antifertility JE28:221 ; Antigonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic PJB1(2):287 ; Antilymphomic PJB1(2):287 ; Antimutagenic 250 ug/mL JAFC37:1365 ; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus EMP5:363 ; Antiprogestational JE28:221 ; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks FT68(4):291 ; Antiprostatadenomic M11 ; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg/3 x/day/orl man; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Antitumor (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiviral PS75:161 ; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B ; Gonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Hepatoprotective PMP23:60 ; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl M30 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl MAR ; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermicide JE28:221 ; Ubiquiot JBH ; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3

BORON Seed 3.2 ppm; DUKE1992A

Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiosteoporotic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B

BROMINE Seed 1.2 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CADMIUM Seed 0.03 ppm; DUKE1992A

Hypertensive PAM ; Lithogenic PAM ; Nephrotoxic PAM

CALCIUM Fruit 100 - 833 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 240 - 823 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CAPRIC-ACID Seed 1,320 - 1,343 ppm DUKE1992A

Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Irritant M&R503 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CAPRYLIC-ACID Seed 1,320 - 1,343 ppm DUKE1992A

Candidicide 300 mg/man/12 x/day CPA ; Fungicide M11 ; Irritant M&R503 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CAR-3-ENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARBOHYDRATES Fruit 116,000 - 958,678 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 231,000 - 767,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 294,000 - 432,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARDANOL Seed: DUKE1992A

Antithrombotic CAN ; Molluscicide ED=80->100 DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CARDOL Bark: DUKE1992A

Antifilarial IJP52:271 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC28-98=10 uM DFN:162 ; Molluscicide ED=7-15 ppm DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CESIUM Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHLORINE Seed 184 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antibacterial M29 ; Antiherpetic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Antiviral M29 ; Candidicide M29 ; Fungicide M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CHROMIUM Seed 0.3 ppm; DUKE1992A

Amphiglycemic? DAS ; AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Antiaging SYN-X ; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day; Anticorneotic DAS ; Antidiabetic 200-1,000 ug; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antiglycosuric; Antiobesity SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug SYN-X ; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive SYN-X ; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B

COBALT Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

Cardiomyopathogenic DAS ; Erythrocytogenic DAS

COPPER Seed 22 - 37 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic DAS ; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Schizophrenigenic DAS

CYSTINE Seed 2,830 - 2,879 ppm DUKE1992A

Adjuvant M11 ; Antihomocystinuric M29

EUROPIUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FAT Fruit 1,000 - 49,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 6,000 - 20,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 370,000 - 482,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FIBER Fruit 6,000 - 42,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 7,120 - 29,000 ppm CRC JAD USA

Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Laxative DUKE1992B

FLUORINE Seed 1.4 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FOLACIN Seed 0.7 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antianemic 5-20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticervicaldysplasic 8-30 mg/wmn/day/orl PAM ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antigingivitic 2-5 mg/day/man PAM ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antimyelotoxic 5 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antineuropathic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic PAM ; Antiplaque PAM ; Antipsychotic M29 ; AntiSpina-Bifida DAS ; Hematopoietic M11 ; Uricosuric PAM ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor PAM

GADOLEIC-ACID Seed 1,390 - 1,414 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GALACTOSE Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose MAR

GALLIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor IC50=7.7 mM/l; Analgesic FT63(3):195 ; Antiadenovirus EMP5:194 ; Antiallergenic IAA94:262 ; Antianaphylactic JBH ; Antiasthmatic W&B ; Antibacterial MIC=1,000 ug/ml FT65(2):185 ; Antibronchitic IAA94:262 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticarcinomic ED50=3 DUKE1992B ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antiflu EMP5:194 ; Antihepatotoxic PCF:93 ; Antiherpetic EC50=>10 ug/ml PCF:180 ; AntiHIV PCF:180 ; Antiinflammatory PM58(6):499 ; Antileishmanic EC50=4.4 ug/ml PR15:122 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosaminic AFR27:217 ; Antioxidant 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 IC44=33 ppm PCF:218 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=69 uM; Antipolio EMP5:194 ; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antiseptic 411 ; Antistaphylococcic MIC=1,000 ug/ml FT65(2):185 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiviral; Apoptotic BO2 ; Astringent 411 ; Bacteristat PR4(5):198 ; Bronchodilator JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic DUKE1992B ; Choleretic JBH ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor RWG141 ; Floral-Inhibitor JBH ; Gram(+)icide JE42:95 ; Gram(-)icide JE42:95 ; Hemostat JE26:83 ; Immunomodulator PR15:122 ; Immunostimulant TEA ; Immunosuppressant; Insulin-Sparing JBH ; Myorelaxant JBH ; Nephrotoxic M29(P.779) ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Styptic DUKE1992B ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor BPB20:1017 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=24 uM CPB38:1225

GINGKOL Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GLUCOSE Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic M11 ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antivaricose JBH ; Hyperglycemic M11 ; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990

GLUCURONIC-ACID Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

Antidote (Camphor) PJB1(3):241 ; Antidote (Morphine) PJB1(3):241 ; Antihepatotoxic PJB1(3):241 ; Detoxicant M11

GLUTAMIC-ACID Seed 36,240 - 36,867 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B ; Antihyperammonemic M29 ; Antilithic PAM ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antiretardation JBH ; Anxiolytic M11 ; Neurotoxic JBH

GLYCINE Seed 8,030 - 8,169 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacid M29 ; Antialdosteronic PAM ; Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) M29 ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antigastritic M29 ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antisickling PM56(1):41 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Neuroinhibitor WER ; Uricosuric DUKE1992B

GOLD Plant: DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer MAR ; Nephrotoxic DUKE1992B

HAFNIUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HEXANAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; FLavor FEMA <1-5 ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

HISTIDINE Seed 3,990 - 4,059 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antinephritic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiulcer JE26:80 ; Antiuremic JBH ; Essential JBH ; Oxidant PC27:976

HYDROXYBENZOIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

IODINE Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acnegenic DAS ; Antibacterial AHP146 ; Antigoiter DAS ; Antiseptic AHP146 ; Antithyrotoxic DAS ; Antiviral AHP146 ; Dermatitigenic DAS ; Fungicide AHP146 ; Goitrogenic DAS ; Hyperthyroid >1 mm/day/diet AHP146 ; Protisticide AHP146 ; Thyrotropic DAS

IRON Fruit 2 - 77 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 18 - 195 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOLEUCINE Seed 7,310 - 7,436 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic? M29 ; Antipellagric MAR ; Essential JBH

KAEMPFEROL-GLYCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

KILOCALORIES Fruit 530 - 3,680 /kg DUKE1992A Leaf 1,000 - 3,320 /kg DUKE1992A Seed 5,330 - 5,920 /kg DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

L-EPICATECHIN Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LANTHANUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LAURIC-ACID Seed 7,840 - 7,975 ppm DUKE1992A

Antibacterial TFLNO.86 ; Antiviral TFLNO.86 ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS

LEAD Seed 0.3 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LEUCINE Seed 12,850 - 13,072 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential JBH

LEUCOCYANIDIN Fruit: DUKE1992A

Capillariprotective M11

LEUCOPELARGONIDINE Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LIMONENE Fruit: DUKE1992A

AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W

LINOLEIC-ACID Seed 76,600 - 77,925 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189 ; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antiarthritic EMP6:189 ; Anticoronary JBH ; Antieczemic EMP6:189 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antigranular DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; AntiMS EMP6:189 ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic SN146:421 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Immunomodulator EMP6:189 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Metastatic SN146:421 ; Nematicide NIG

LUTETIUM Seed 0.01 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LYSINE Seed 8,170 - 8,311 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialkalotic M29 ; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day; Essential JBH ; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg M29

MAGNESIUM Seed 260 - 2,650 ppm FUR JAD USA

Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER ; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Calcium-Antagonist RWG125 ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Uterorelaxant WER ; Vasodilator WER

MANGANESE Seed 8.4 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiototic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

MANNOSE Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

Anticystitic 0.25-1 tsp 3-4 x/day orl man A&C3:269

MERCURY Seed 0.01 ppm; DUKE1992A

Nephrotoxic PAM

METHIONINE Seed 2,740 - 2,787 ppm DUKE1992A

Anticataract PAM ; Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl M29 ; Antidote (Paracetamol) M29 ; Antieczemic JE26:80 ; Antihepatotic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 1-5 g day WER ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Emetic M29 ; Essential JBH ; Glutathionigenic M29 ; Hepatoprotective ACN:207 ; Lipotropic M11 ; Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x day/man/orl MAR ; Urine-Deodorant M29

MOLYBDENUM Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anticancer (Esophagus)? DAS ; Antitumor (Esophagus)? DAS

MUFA Seed 273,170 - 286,115 ppm JAD USA

Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

MYRISTIC-ACID Seed 3,470 - 3,530 ppm DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cosmetic JBH ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG

NARINGENIN Seed: DUKE1992A

11B-HSD-Inhibitor CPT59:62 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 1 ug/ml PM56(3):254 100 uM JBC8:211 IC25=1 uM PC23:1885 IC78=10 uM PC23:1885 ; Antiaggregant JBH ; Antibacterial MIC=250-500 ug/ml PM57:A43 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antihepatotoxic JBH ; Antiherpetic EMP5:197 ; AntiHIV IC35=200 ug/ml JNP60(9):884 ; Antiinflammatory 20 ppm JNP39:426 ; Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml LS55:1061 ; Antimutagenic ID50=50-100 nM PCF:13 ; Antioxidant 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 PCF:58 ; Antiperoxidative JBH ; Antiradicular JAF47:397 ; Antispasmodic JBH ; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer FT5:1990 ; Antiviral EMP5:197 ; Aphidifuge JAF45:4505 ; Aromatase-Inhibitor IC45=1 uM/l JMF2:235 ; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JBH ; Estrogenic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l JMF2:227 ; Fungicide 2.5 mM; Fungistat PC29(4):1103 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Serotonin-Inhibitor JBH ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor TIH14:223 ; Uterotrophic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l JMF2:227

NIACIN Fruit 3 - 21 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 14 - 46 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 18 - 22 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NICAIN Fruit 3 - 21 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

NICKEL Seed 5 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiadrenalinic DAS ; Anticirrhotic? DAS ; Insulin-Sparing DAS

OLEIC-ACID Seed 268,080 - 296,000 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

OXALIC-ACID Seed 3,184 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Paralytic JBH ; Fatal M29 ; Hemostatic M11 ; Irritant M&R499 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renotoxic M11

PALMITIC-ACID Seed 34,600 - 44,262 ppm JAD USA

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; FLavor FEMA 1 ARC ; Hemolytic BIS ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Soap JBH

PALMITOLEIC-ACID Seed 1,690 - 3,235 ppm JAD USA

Soap JBH

PANTOTHENIC-ACID Seed 12 - 13 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 100-500 mg/day WER ; Antiarthritic 500-2,000 mg/day; Anticephalagic JBH ; Anticlaudificant? M29 ; Antidermatitic JAD ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antihypercholesterolemic 300 mg/meal WER ; Antiielus? M29 ; Antiinsomniac? M29 ; Antirheumatitic? M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525

PHENYLALANINE Seed 7,910 - 8,046 ppm DUKE1992A

AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl M29 ; Antidepressant 50-4,000 mg/day/man; Antiparkinsonian 200-500 mg/day/man MAR ; Antisickling 690 ug/ml; Antivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man M29 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600 mg/man/day MAR

PHOSPHORUS Fruit 100 - 3,125 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 3,730 - 6,255 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

PHYTOSTEROLS Seed 1,580 - 1,607 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

POTASSIUM Seed 4,600 - 6,815 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive DAS ; Antispasmodic DAS ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B

PROLINE Seed 6,900 - 7,019 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTEIN Fruit 2,000 - 69,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 52,000 - 173,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 152,000 - 188,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PRUNIN-6''-O-P-COUMARATE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PUFA Seed 78,360 - 83,555 ppm JAD USA

Antiacne MAR ; Antieczemic MAR ; AntiMS MAR ; Antipolyneuritic MAR

QUERCETIN-GLYCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RHAMNOSE Resin, Exudate, Sap: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RIBOFLAVIN Fruit 2.4 - 16.7 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 0.1 - 0.3 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 2 - 3.3 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

RUBIDIUM Seed 35 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SALICYLIC-ACID Fruit: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 724.6 uM PR7:252 ; Analgesic; Antiarthritic MAD ; Antibacterial MAR ; Antidandruff ALH ; Antidermatotic DUKE1992B ; Antieczemic DUKE1992B ; Antiichthyosic M29 ; Antiinflammatory PHZ46:156 ; Antineuralgic MAD ; Antioncychomycotic M29 ; Antioxidant KCH ; Antiperiodic DUKE1992B ; Antipodagric DUKE1992B ; Antipsoriac DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatic PJB1(2):285 ; Antiseborrheic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic ALH ; Antitumor PCF:49 ; Antitympanitic M11 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Comedolytic M29 ; COX-2-Inhibitor COX2000 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor PCF:49 ; Dermatitigenic JBH ; Fungicide MIC 1,000 ug/ml FFJ11:257 ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:158 ; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Keratolytic JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Thermogenic 130 ppm SCI237:1601 ; Tineacide M29 ; Ulcerogenic DUKE1992B

SAMARIUM Seed 0.03 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SCANDIUM Seed 0.002 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SELENIUM Seed 0.2 ppm; DUKE1992A

Analgesic 200 ug/day WER ; Anorexic 52 ; Antiacne WER ; Antiaggregant PAM ; Antiangiogenic BO2 ; Anticirrhotic DAS ; Anticoronary; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidote (Mercury) DAS ; Antikeshan DAS ; Antileukotriene PAM ; Antimyalgic WER ; Antiosteoarthritic HSC25:1487 ; Antioxidant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X SYN-X ; Antitumor SYN-X ; Antitumor (Breast) 333.6 ug/day BO2 ; Antiulcerogenic JE29:25 ; Apoptotic BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive DAS ; Depressant 52 ; Fungicide DAS ; Immunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day SYN-X ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Polyamine-Synthesis-Inhibitor BO2 ; Prostaglandin-Sparer JPP42:655 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=2-50 uM BO2 ; VEGF-Inhibitor BO2

SERINE Seed 8,490 - 8,637 ppm DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525

SFA Seed 52,325 - 93,154 ppm JAD USA

No activity reported.

SILICON Seed 1,280 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiarteriosclerotic DAS

SODIUM Seed 140 - 257 ppm CRC FUR JAD

Hypertensive DAS

SQUALENE Seed: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial JBH ; Antioxidant JAF47(10):4025 ; Antitumor JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Chemopreventive JAF47(10):4025 ; Immunostimulant JBH ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor CE7:297 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sunscreen JAF47(10):4025

STEARIC-ACID Seed 17,725 - 102,000 ppm HHB JAD USA

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Cosmetic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Suppository JBH

STRONTIUM Seed 4.2 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SULFUR Seed 4,800 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acarifuge DUKE1992B ; Antiacne M29 ; Antiarthritic WER ; Antidandruff M29 ; Antigrey M29 ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiseborrheic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Comedogenic M29 ; Keratolytic M29 ; Laxative M29 ; Parasiticide M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Scabicide M29

TANNIN Bark 90,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205

TANTALUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

THIAMIN Fruit 0.3 - 2.1 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 0.1 - 0.3 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 2 - 8.7 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THORIUM Seed 0.2 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

THREONINE Seed 5,920 - 6,022 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Essential JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1,000 ARC

TIN Seed 0.9 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiacne DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Taenicide MAR

TITANIUM Seed 2.4 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TOCOPHEROL Seed 8 ppm; JAD

5-HETE-Inhibitor BO2 ; Allergenic NAH19(9):4 ; Analgesic 100 IU 3 x day WER ; Antiaggregant MAR ; Antiaging SYN-X ; Antialzheimeran 2,000 IU SYN-X ; Antianginal 1,067 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiarteriosclerotic DUKE1992B ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B ; Anticancer (Breast) IC50=125 ug/ml JN:1997 ; Anticariogenic JD23:101 ; Anticataract DUKE1992B ; Antichorea DUKE1992B ; Antichoreic DUKE1992B ; Anticoronary 100-200 IU/day; Antidecubitic DAS ; Antidermatitic PJB1(3):250 ; Antidiabetic 600-1,200 mg/day EMP6:164 ; Antidysmenorrheic DAS ; Antiepitheleomic PCF:20 ; Antifibrositic MAR ; Antiherpetic MAR ; Antiinflammatory SYN- ; Antiischemic JE29:31 ; Antileukemic 100-250 uM BO2 ; Antileukotriene PAM ; Antilithic 600 mg/day WER ; Antilupus DUKE1992B ; Antimastalgic DAS ; AntiMD DUKE1992B ; AntiMS DUKE1992B ; Antimyoclonic PAM ; Antineuritic M29 ; Antinitrosaminic PCF:20 ; Antiophthalmic DUKE1992B ; Antiosteoarthritic DAS ; Antioxidant IC50=30 ug/ml CPB38:1051 IC95=650 uM PM56(6):678 ; Antiparkinsonian ARN45:1350 ; AntiPMS 300 IU 2 x day; Antiproliferant IC50=150 ug/ml JN:1997 ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antiretinopathic? M29 ; Antisenility PJB1(3):250 ; Antisickling MAR ; Antispasmodic 300 mg/man/day MAR ; Antisterility PJB1(3):250 ; Antistroke DAS ; Antisunburn NAH18(9):4 ; Antisyndrome-X SYN-X ; Antithalassemic DAS ; Antithrombotic 600 IU/day WER ; Antithromboxane-B2 SYN-X ; Antitoxemic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor 7 uM ckn PCF:19 ; Antitumor (Breast) 100-250 uM BO2 IC50=125 ug/ml SYN-X ; Antitumor (Colorectal) 500-10,000 uM BO2 ; Antitumor (Prostate) 100-250 uM; Antiulcerogenic 67 mg/man/3 x/day/orl; Apoptotic 100-250 uM BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cerebroprotective KCH ; Circulatory-Stimulant DAS ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic 100-450 IU/man/day; Hypoglycemic 600 IU/man/day SYN-X ; Immunostimulant 60-800 IU; Insulin-Sparing 1,000 IU WER ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor PAM ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 400 mg/kg BO2 ; P21-Inducer 500-10,000 uM BO2 ; Phospholipase-A2-Inhibitor BO2 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor 10-50 uM BO2 IC50=450 uM BO2 ; Vasodilator SYN-X

TRANS-HEX-2-ENAL Fruit: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TRYPTOPHAN Seed 2,370 - 2,411 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic 750 mg/4x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antianxiety 500-1,000 mg/meal WER ; Antidementia 3 g/day WER ; Antidepressant 1-3 g/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidyskinetic 2-8 g/orl/wmn/day M29 ; Antihypertensive JAF36:1079 ; Antiinsomniac 1-3 g/day WER ; Antimanic 12 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Antimenopausal 6 g/day WER ; Antimigraine 500 mg/man/4x/day M29 ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 2 g 3 x/day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antipsychotic 12 g/man/day M29 ; Antirheumatic M29 ; Carcinogenic CRC ; Essential JBH ; Hypnotic M29 ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:157 ; Hypotensive 3 g/day WER ; Insulinase-Inhibitor EMP6:157 ; Insulinotonic JAF36:1079 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Prolactinogenic PAM ; Sedative 3-10 g/man/day; Serotoninergic 6-12 g/day/orl/man MAR ; Tumor-Promoter JAF36:1079

TUNGSTEN Seed 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TYROSINE Seed 4,910 - 4,995 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidepressant?; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/kg day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antiulcer 256 mg scu BBE 400 mg/kg ipr rat BBE ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM

URONIC-ANHYDRIDE Resin, Exudate, Sap 57,000 - 62,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

VALINE Seed 10,400 - 10,580 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 ARC

VANADIUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiatherosclerotic DAS ; Antidiabetic ?25-100 ug/man/day? SYN-X ; Antiinfertility DAS ; Antiinsulinogenic SYN-X ; Antimanic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X SYN-X ; ATPase-Inhibitor PAM ; Cancer-Preventive?; Cardioprotective? DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive SYN-X ; Hypotriglyceridemic SYN-X ; Nephrotoxic SYN-X ; Pancreatoxic SYN-X ; Toxic SYN-X

VIT-B-6 Seed 2 - 3 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

WATER Fruit 856,000 - 879,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 699,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Resin, Exudate, Sap 79,000 - 95,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 27,000 - 52,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

XYLOSE Gum: DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic; Diagnostic MAR ; Dye M11

YTTERBIUM Seed 0.02 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ZINC Seed 48 - 57 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

52: Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

A&C3:269: Jim Duke's personal files

ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files

ABS2: Chau (1985) in Purseglove et al. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2.

ACN:207: Jim Duke's personal files

AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files

AFR27:217: Jim Duke's personal files

AHP146: Jim Duke's personal files

AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files

ALH: A.L.L. Hunting. Encyclopedia of Shampoo Ingredients. Micelle Press, Cranford NJ. 467 pp.

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

ARN45:1350: Jim Duke's personal files

ARO95:16: Jim Duke's personal files

ARS:451: Ferretti, A., Flanagan, V. P. 1996. Antithromboxane Activity of Dietary Alpha-linolenic Acid: A Pilot Study. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids, 54(6): 451-455. ARS, USDA.

BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).

BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BPB20:1017: Hamada, S. I., Kataoka, T., Woo, J. T., Yamada, A., Yoshida, T., Nishimura, T., Otake, N., Nagai, K. 1997. Immunosuppressive Effects by Gallic Acid and Chebulagic Acid on CTL-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Biol Pharm Bull, 20: 1017-1019.

BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CE7:297: Chemical Express, 7: 297, 1992.

CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files

COX2000: Newmark, T. M. and Schulick, P. 2000. Herbal Cox-2 Inhibition - Nature's Challenge to Arthritis, Cancer & Alzheimer's Disease. Hohm Press, Prescott AZ.

CPA: Can. Pharm. Assoc. Medication. 1988

CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:1225: Hatano, T., Yasuhara, T., Yoshihara, R., Agata, I., Noro, T., and Okuda, T. 1989. Effects of Interaction of Tannins with Co-existing Substances.VII. Inhibitory Effects of Tannins Related Polyphenols on Xanthine Oxidase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(5): 1224-1229

CPB38:3086: Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.

CPT59:62: Jim Duke's personal files

CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DFN:160: Jim Duke's personal files

DFN:162: Jim Duke's personal files

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB48:111: Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.

EMP1:53: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.

EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.

EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.

EMP5:197: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 197.

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:157: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 157.

EMP6:158: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 158.

EMP6:164: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.

FFJ11:257: Jim Duke's personal files

FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.

FIH: Cunane, S. and Thompson, L. U., eds. 1995. Flaxseed in Human Nutrition. AOCS Press, Champaign IL. 384 pp.

FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.

FT5:1990: Fitoterapia No.5-1990.

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT63(3):195: Jim Duke's personal files

FT65(2):185: Jim Duke's personal files

FT68(4):291: Jim Duke's personal files

FUR: Furr, A.K., et al. 1979

GAS: Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)

HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.

HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

HSC25:1487: Jim Duke's personal files

HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.

IAA94:262: Dorsch, W., Wagner, H. New Antiasthmatic Drugs from Traditional Medicine? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 94: 262-265, 1991.

IJP52:271: Jim Duke's personal files

JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

JAF36:1079: J. Agri. & Food Chemistry, 36: 1079.

JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.

JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:4505: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47(10):4025: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC37:1365: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.

JBC8:211: Oliveira, T. T., Nagem, T. J., Miranda, L. C. G., Paula, V. F., Teixeira, M. A. 1997. Inhibitory Action on Aldose Reductase by Soybean Flavonoids. J Braz Chem Soc, 8(3): 211-213.

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JD23:101: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:83: Jim Duke's personal files

JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

JE28:221: Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.

JE29:25: Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.

JE29:31: Jim Duke's personal files

JE42:95: Jim Duke's personal files

JMF1(3): Jim Duke's personal files

JMF2:227: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 227.1999.

JMF2:235: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 235.1999.

JN:1997: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP39:426: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP60(9):884: Jim Duke's personal files

JNU: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:655: Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosal slices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.

JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.

JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.

KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.

LS55:1061: Life Sciences 55: 1061.

M&R495: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R499: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R503: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R594: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M29(P.779): Martindale's 29th, p. 779.

M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files

M30: Martindale's 30th

MAD: Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862 pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938 Madaus.

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

MTM: Jim Duke's personal files

NAH18(9):4: Jim Duke's personal files

NAH19(9):4: Jim Duke's personal files

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC23:1885: Shimizu, M., Ito, T., Terashima, S., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., Morita, N., Kurokawa, S., Ito, K., and Hashimoto, Y. 1984. Inhibition of Lens Aldose Reductase by Flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 23: 1885-1888.

PC27:969: Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.

PC27:976: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(4):1103: Weidenborner, M., Hindorf, H., Jha, H.C., and Tsotsonos, P. 1989. Antifungal Activity of Flavonoids Against Storage Fungi of the Genus Aspergillus. Phytochemistry. 29(4): 1103-1105.

PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.

PC29:1815: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:13: Maga, J.A. Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to Smoke Flavor. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.13.

PCF:180: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:19: Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.

PCF:20: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:218: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:49: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:58: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:93: Okuda, T., Yoshida, T., and Hatano, T. Antioxidant Effects of Tannins and Related Polyphenols. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.7 p.93.

PHZ46:156: Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.

PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.

PJB1(2):260: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):285: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):287: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):241: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):250: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.

PM56(3):254: Aida, K., Tawata, M., Shindo, H., Onaya, T., Sasaki, H., Yamaguchi, T., Chin, M.(Chen, Z.), and Mitsuhashi, H. 1989. Isoliquiritigenin: A New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor from Glycyrrhizae Radix. Planta Medica 56(3): 254-258.

PM56(6):678: Jim Duke's personal files

PM57:A43: Planta Medica, 57: A43, 1991.

PM58(6):499: Kroes, B.H., et al. 1991. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gallic Acid. Planta Medica, 58(6): 499.

PMID10830511: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:153: Jim Duke's personal files

PR15:122: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4(5):198: Lamikanra, A., Ogundaini, A.O., and Ogungbamila*, F.O. Antibacterial Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 198.

PR7:252: Toyomizu, M., Sugiyama, S., Jin, R. L., Nakatsu, T. 1993. Alpha-Glucosidase and Aldose Reductase Inhibitors: Constituents of Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, Nut Shell Liquids. Phytotherapy Research, 7(3): 252-254.

PS131:95: Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.

PS75:161: Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.

QJC28:155: Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.

RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RWG125: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG141: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files

SCI237:1601: Jim Duke's personal files

SN138:189.1990: Science News, 138: 189, 1990.

SN146:421: Science News, 146: 421.

SNE137:292: Jim Duke's personal files.

SYN-: Jim Duke's personal files

SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.

TEA: McKenna, D. J., Hughes, K., and Jones, K. 2000. Green Tea Monograph. Alternative Therapies, 6(3): 61-82.

TFLNO.86: Jim Duke's personal files

TIH14:223: Santti, R., Makela, S., Strauss, L., Korman, J., Kostian, M. L. 1998. Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males. Toxicol Ind Health, 14: 223-237.

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

USA: USDA's Ag Handbook 8 and sequelae)

W&B: Watt, J.M., and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 1962.

W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

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