Agricultural Research Service - ARS

Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) -- Sugar-Apple, Sweetsop

Chemicals

(+)-O-METHYLARMEPAVINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

17-ACETOXY-19-KAURANAL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

17-HYDROXYKAURAN-19-AL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

4-(2-NITROETHYL)PHENOL-O-PRIMEVEROSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

4-(2-NITROMETHYL)-1-(6-O-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL)-OXYBENZENE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ALPHA-CARYOPHYLLENE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ALPHA-PINENE Plant: DUKE1992A
Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory IJO15(4):194 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90

ANNONACIN Seed: DUKE1992A
Antimalarial IC50=1.3-1.5 ppm 478 ; Artemicide LC50=3.3 ppm 478 ; Cytotoxic 9 KB ED50=0.001 ppm 478 ; Larvicide IC50=10 ppm DUKE1992B ; Nematicide PM56:319 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANNONACIN-A Seed: DUKE1992A
Nematicide PM56:319 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANNONASTATIN Seed: DUKE1992A
Nematicide PM56:319 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANNONIN-I Seed: DUKE1992A
Cytotoxic DUKE1992B ; Insecticide PM56:315 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANNONIN-VI Seed: DUKE1992A
Anthelminthic DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic ED50=0.05 ug/ml PM56:315 ; Nematicide 478 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ANOLOBINE Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ANONAINE Seed: DUKE1992A
Antibacterial GMJ ; Antiseptic <12 ug/ml 526 ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic GMJ ; Dopamine-Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor GMJ ; Fungicide JE36:39 ; Hypotensive GMJ ; Insecticide JBH ; Mycoplasmicide 526 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

APORPHINE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ARACHIDIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ARGININE Fruit: DUKE1992A
Antidiabetic? WIC ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antiimpotence JMF1(3) ; Antiinfertility 4 g/day WER ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Aphrodisiac 3 g/day; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Hypoammonemic JBH ; NO-Genic JMF1(3) ; Pituitary-Stimulant PJB1(2):260 ; Spermigenic 4 g/day WER

ASCORBIC-ACID Fruit 340 - 1,600 ppm DUKE1992A
Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER ; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR ; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antigingivitic PAM ; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER ; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer WER ; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292 ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vulnerary PAM

ASH Fruit 7,000 - 40,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ASIMICIN Seed: DUKE1992A
Antifeedant EC86=0.1% 478 ; Antimalarial IC50=4ppm 478 ; Aphicide LD100=500 ppm 478 ; Artemicide LC50=0.03 ppm 478 ; Cytotoxic 9KB ED50=<0.00001 ppm 478 ; Immunosuppressant EC95=0.1 ug/ml 478 ; Larvicide LD100=1 ppm DUKE1992B ; Nematicide 1 ppm 481 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ASPARAGINE Plant: DUKE1992A
Antisickling PM56(1):41 ; Diuretic HG17

BETA-CAROTENE Fruit 0.2 ppm; DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic PAM ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Colorant JBH ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH

BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

BETA-PINENE Plant: DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN

BORNEOL Leaf: DUKE1992A
(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholine CAN ; Antibronchitic JBH ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml FT59:465 ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; CNS-Toxic JBH ; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438 IC50=470 uM TOX ; Inhalant JBH ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED

BORNYL-ACATATE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

BORON Leaf 107 ppm; DUKE1992A
Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiosteoporotic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B

BULLATACIN Bark: DUKE1992A
Antileukemic L1210 138% T/C at 50 ppb 478 ; Aphicide ED80=1 ppm 478 ; Artemicide LC50=0.00159 ppm 478 ; Cytotoxic fempto-ppms DUKE1992B ; Larvicide ED80=10 ppm DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

BULLATACINONE Bark: DUKE1992A
Artemicide LC50=0.003 ppm 478 ; Cytotoxic 9KB ED50= 478 9PS ED50=0.00423 ppm 478 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CADALENE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

CALCIUM Fruit 216 - 1,335 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 21,200 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CAMPHOR Plant: DUKE1992A
Allelopathic 450 ; Analgesic; Anesthetic; Antiacne NIG ; Antidiarrheic 500 ug/ml WO2 ; Antidysenteric WO2 ; Antiemetic 100-200 mg man orl KCH ; Antifeedant IC50=5,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antifibrositic MAR ; Antineuralgic MAR ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antiseptic M11 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.075 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; CNS-Stimulant JE26:74 ; Convulsant RJH ; Cosmetic JBH ; Counterirritant MAR ; Decongestant NIG ; Deliriant M11 ; Ecbolic DUKE1992B ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Epileptigenic CAN ; Expectorant M29 ; Fungicide ED50=2.7 mM TOX ; Herbicide IC50=3.3-180 mM 438 ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge; Irritant JBH ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Occuloirritant M&R367 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirainhibitor M11 ; Respirastimulant KCH ; Rubefacient; Stimulant RJH ; Transdermal ZEB ; Verrucolytic NIG ; Vibriocide 500 ug/ml WO2

CARBOHYDRATES Fruit 200,000 - 904,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

CEROTIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

CHOLESTEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

CITRIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R610 ; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm MAR ; Anticalculic JE26:81 ; Anticoagulant M11 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant Synergist M11 ; Antiseborrheic LRN-JUN89 ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Disinfectant M29 ; FLavor FEMA 370-4,400 ARC ; Hemostat JE26:81 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Litholytic M29 ; Odontolytic ZEB ; Refrigerant MAR

CITRULLINE Fruit: DUKE1992A
Antiasthenic 180 mg/kg/day M29 6 g/day/orl/man M29 ; Antihepatotic M11 ; Antiosteoporotic? M29 ; Diuretic DUKE1992B

CORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Cardiodepressant IWU ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; Hypnotic IWU ; Respirodepressant IWU ; Sedative IWU

DEMETHYLCOCLAURINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

DIENONE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

FARNESENE Plant: DUKE1992A
Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pheromone JBH

FAT Fruit 2,000 - 21,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 140,000 - 490,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

FIBER Fruit 12,000 - 71,000 ppm DUKE1992A
Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Laxative DUKE1992B

FRIEDELIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiinflammatory 30 mg/kg DUKE1992B ; Diuretic JBH

FRUCTOSE Fruit: DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic JBH ; Antidiabetic JBH ; Antihangover DUKE1992B ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antinauseant JBH ; Laxative AJC62:1212 ; Neoplastic CRC ; Sweetener 2 x glucose JBH

GABA Fruit: DUKE1992A
Analeptic DUKE1992B ; Anticephalagic DUKE1992B ; Anticerebrotic JBH ; Antichoreic 1-32 g/man/day M29 ; Anticonvulsant 4,120 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Antihypertensive 1,000-4,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiinsomniac DUKE1992B ; Antilethargic DUKE1992B ; Antistress SHT76 ; Antitinnitic DUKE1992B ; Anxiolytic SHT76 ; Cardiovascular 208 ivn dog BBE ; CNS-Inhibitor 0.1 mg/kg ivn cat BBE 100 mg/kg ivn dog BBE 2,500 mg/kg scu mus BBE ; Diuretic 1,500-4,000 mg/man/day IJO13:168 ; Hypotensive 1,000-4,000 mg/day DUKE1992B ; Neuroinhibitor OHAI13:165 ; Neurotoxic (to birds) JBH ; Neurotransmitter; Sedative HG40:12 ; Tranquilizer WER

GLAUCINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Adrenalytic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antisuperoxidogenic IC50=49 nM PM57:A49 ; Antitussive M29 ; Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker 0.1 uM PHZ45:443 ; Hypoglycemic JBH ; Hypotensive JBH ; Pyrogenic 10 mg/kg igs rat PPC4:502 ; Respiradepressant JBH

GLUCOSE Fruit 72,900 - 272,500 ppm DUKE1992A
Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic M11 ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antivaricose JBH ; Hyperglycemic M11 ; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990

HCN Plant: DUKE1992A
Antiasthmatic KCH ; Antidote Ihl (=Amyl Nitrite) M29 ; Antitussive KCH ; Bronchosedative KCH ; Insecticide 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respirastimulant KCH ; Rodenticide M29 ; Vasomotor-Stimulant DUKE1992B

HEXADECANOIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

HEXAHYDRO-3H-1,3-DIAZEPINE-2,4-DIONE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

HIGENAMINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiarrhythmic DUKE1992B ; Antithrombic DUKE1992B ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker 0.5 ug/kg ipr mus ZYT11:113 ; Cardiotonic HG23:26

IRON Fruit 6 - 66 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOCORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiadrenergic JBH ; Cataleptic JBH ; Narcotic DUKE1992B ; Sedative JBH ; Stimulant DUKE1992B

KAUR-16-EN-19-AL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

KAUR-16-EN-19-OIC-ACID Bark: DUKE1992A
Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Juvabional 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

KAUR-16-EN-19-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

KAUR-16-EN-19-YL-ACETATE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

KAURAN-17-ACETOXY-19-AL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

KAURAN-17-OL-19-AL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

KILOCALORIES Fruit 780 - 3,530 /kg DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

LANUGINOSINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

LIMONENE Plant: DUKE1992A
AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W

LIRIODENINE Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Analgesic GMJ ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antidermatophytic MIC 3.12 ug/mL PR4(1):12 ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Candidicide DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic PC29(6):1899 ; Fungicide MIC 100 ug/mL PR4(1):12 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative GMJ ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=0.11 uM; Vasodilator 0.1 mmol/l PHA50:380

LYSINE Fruit 550 - 2,055 ppm DUKE1992A
Antialkalotic M29 ; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day; Essential JBH ; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg M29

MAGNESIUM Fruit 210 - 785 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimigraine 200 mg/day WER ; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Calcium-Antagonist RWG125 ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x day WER ; Uterorelaxant WER ; Vasodilator WER

MALIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Bacteristat DUKE1992B ; Bruchiphobe 382 ; Hemopoietic DUKE1992B ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sialogogue M29

MANGANESE Leaf 253 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiototic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

METHIONINE Fruit 70 - 260 ppm DUKE1992A
Anticataract PAM ; Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl M29 ; Antidote (Paracetamol) M29 ; Antieczemic JE26:80 ; Antihepatotic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 1-5 g day WER ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Emetic M29 ; Essential JBH ; Glutathionigenic M29 ; Hepatoprotective ACN:207 ; Lipotropic M11 ; Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x day/man/orl MAR ; Urine-Deodorant M29

MICHELALBINE Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NEOANNONIN Seed: DUKE1992A
Larvicide 62-70 ppm diet DUKE1992B ; Ovicide DUKE1992B

NIACIN Fruit 8 - 36 ppm DUKE1992A
Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NITROGEN Leaf 36,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NITROHETEROSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NITROSOCHLORIDE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NORCORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NORISOCORYDINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Sedative PJB1(2):292

NORLAURELINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

NORUSHINSUNINE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

ORNITHINE Fruit: DUKE1992A
Anticholesteremic M11 ; Antidote (Ammonia) M29 ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Hypoammonemic M29 ; Hypoarginanemic M29

PANTOTHENIC-ACID Fruit 2 - 8 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiallergic 100-500 mg/day WER ; Antiarthritic 500-2,000 mg/day; Anticephalagic JBH ; Anticlaudificant? M29 ; Antidermatitic JAD ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antihypercholesterolemic 300 mg/meal WER ; Antiielus? M29 ; Antiinsomniac? M29 ; Antirheumatitic? M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525

PARAFFIN Plant: DUKE1992A
Antihemorrhoidal M29 ; Antiproctalgic M29 ; Emollient M29 ; Laxative 45 mL/day/orl/man/ M29

PHOSPHORUS Fruit 260 - 1,600 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

POTASSIUM Fruit 2,200 - 13,290 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive DAS ; Antispasmodic DAS ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B

PROTEIN Fruit 14,000 - 86,590 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

RESIN Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

RETICULINE Plant: DUKE1992A
Analgesic GMJ ; Antibacterial GMJ ; Antidopaminergic GMJ ; Antispasmodic GMJ ; CNS-Stimulant GMJ ; Convulsant GMJ ; Fungicide JE36:39 ; Hyperthermic GMJ ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pyrogenic 5-20 mg/kg ipr rat JNP42:399

RIBOFLAVIN Fruit 1 - 5 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

ROEMERINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

SODIUM Fruit 50 - 457 ppm DUKE1992A
Hypertensive DAS

SQUAMOCIN Seed: DUKE1992A
Cytotoxic L-1210 ED50=0.58 ppm 478 ; Larvicide 62-70 ppm diet 478 ; Ovicide 478

SQUAMOLONE Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

SUCROSE Fruit 72,900 - 272,500 ppm DUKE1992A
Aggregant PAM ; Antihiccup 1 tsp M29 ; Antiophthalmic M29 ; Antioxidant M11 ; Atherogenic PAM ; Collyrium JBH ; Demulcent JBH ; Flatugenic PFH46:77 ; Hypercholesterolemic PAM ; Preservative M11 ; Sweetener 1 x sucrose M11 ; Triglycerigenic PAM ; Uricogenic PAM ; Vulnerary M29

SUGAR Fruit 145,800 - 545,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

TANNIN Plant: DUKE1992A
Anthelminthic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205

TARTARIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Acidifier JBH ; Additive ARC ; Antioxidant Synergist M29 ; FLavor FEMA 500-10,000 ARC ; Irritant ZEB ; Sequestrant ARC

THIAMIN Fruit 1 - 5 ppm DUKE1992A
Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

TRANS-OCIMENE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

TRYPTOPHAN Fruit 100 - 375 ppm DUKE1992A
Analgesic 750 mg/4x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antianxiety 500-1,000 mg/meal WER ; Antidementia 3 g/day WER ; Antidepressant 1-3 g/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidyskinetic 2-8 g/orl/wmn/day M29 ; Antihypertensive JAF36:1079 ; Antiinsomniac 1-3 g/day WER ; Antimanic 12 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Antimenopausal 6 g/day WER ; Antimigraine 500 mg/man/4x/day M29 ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 2 g 3 x/day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antipsychotic 12 g/man/day M29 ; Antirheumatic M29 ; Carcinogenic CRC ; Essential JBH ; Hypnotic M29 ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:157 ; Hypotensive 3 g/day WER ; Insulinase-Inhibitor EMP6:157 ; Insulinotonic JAF36:1079 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM ; Prolactinogenic PAM ; Sedative 3-10 g/man/day; Serotoninergic 6-12 g/day/orl/man MAR ; Tumor-Promoter JAF36:1079

VIT-B-6 Fruit 2 - 8 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

WATER Fruit 728,000 - 775,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

XYLOPINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.
453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.
478: Rupprect, J. K., Hui, Y. H., and McLaughlin, J. L., Annonaceous acetogenins: a review, J. Nat. Prod, 53(2), 1990, 237-238.
481: Alkofahi, A., Rupprect, J. K., Anderson, J. E., McLaughlin, J. L., Mikolajczak, K. L., and Scott, B. A., Search for new pesticides from higer plants, Chap. 3 in ???, Arnason et al, eds, ACS, Washington, 1989
505: Jim Duke's personal files.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
526: Collins, D.J., Culvenor, C.C.J., Lamberton, J.A., Loder, J.W. and Price, J.R., Plants for Medicines, CSIRO, East Melbourne, Australia, 1990, 303 pp.
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
ACN:207: Jim Duke's personal files
AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files
AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files
AJC62:1212: Jim Duke's personal files
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.
BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.
CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files
CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.
EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
EMP6:157: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 157.
EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.
HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.
HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.
HG23:26: Jim Duke's personal files
HG40:12: Jim Duke's personal files
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.
IJO13:168: Jim Duke's personal files
IJO15(4):194: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+
IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.
JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
JAF36:1079: J. Agri. & Food Chemistry, 36: 1079.
JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.
JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:81: Jim Duke's personal files
JE36:39: Jim Duke's personal files
JMF1(3): Jim Duke's personal files
JNP42:399: Dasgupta, S., Ray, A. B., Bhattacharya, S. K., Bose, R. 1979. Constituents of Pachygone ovata and Pharmacological Action of its Major Leaf Alkaloid. J Nat Prod, 42(4): 399-406.
JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files
JNU: Jim Duke's personal files
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-JUN89: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.
LRN-SEP91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-91.
M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files
OHAI13:165: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PC27:976: Jim Duke's personal files
PC29(6):1899: Jim Duke's personal files
PFH46:77: Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.
PHA50:380: Jim Duke's personal files
PHZ45:443: de las Heras, B., Rios, J. L., Martinez-Mir, I., Rubio, E. 1990. A Study of the Adrenergic Activity of the Alkaloids Boldine and Glaucine. Pharmazie, 45(6): 443-444.
PJB1(2):260: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):292: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.
PM56:315: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56:319: Jim Duke's personal files
PM57:A49: Jim Duke's personal files
PPC4:502: Pinto, L., Borrelli, F., Bombardelli, E., Cristoni, A., Capasso, F. 1998. Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of Glaucine in Rats and Mice. Pharm Pharmacol Commun, 4(10): 502-505.
PR4(1):12: Jim Duke's personal files
RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.
RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.
RWG125: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files
SHT76: Jim Duke's personal files
SN138:189.1990: Science News, 138: 189, 1990.
SNE137:292: Jim Duke's personal files.
SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.
TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
WO2: Wealth of India.
ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
ZYT11:113: Xiang, R., Xu, J. T., Yi, N. Y., Xia, Z. Q. 1995. The Pharmacologic Action of Higenamine on Beta-Adrenergic Receptors in Heart of Mice. Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 11(2): 113-116.
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace

Phytochemical Database, USDA - ARS - NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
Thu May 16 18:03:47 EDT 2002

Please send questions and comments to:

James A. Duke (E-Mail: JimDuke@cpcug.org)
or
Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg (E-Mail: SteveBS@nhgri.nih.gov)

Please send technical questions and comments to:

WebMaster (E-Mail: WebMaster@ars-grin.gov)

The USDA does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication. Please see the disclaimer for more information.