Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Cinchona spp (Rubiaceae) -- Quinine

Chemicals

ALKALOIDS Bark 60,000 - 160,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 10,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARICINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Amebicide IC50=3.6 ug/ml NIG ; Cytotoxic IC50=>100 ug/ml NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ASH Seed 60,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CAFFEIC-ACID Bark: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allergenic M&R317 ; Analgesic PMP23:51 ; Antiadenoviral EMP5:207 ; Antiaggregant JBH ; Antibacterial PAM ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189 ; Antiedemic EMP6:189 ; Antielastase IC50=93 um/l PMID11199135 ; Antiflu EMP5:207 ; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10 ; Antihemolytic 25 uM PC36:579 ; Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orl mus ACS661:230 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml EC50=>50 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; AntiHIV EC50=200 ug/ml; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory JBH ; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antimutagenic PCF:18 ; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18 ; Antiophidic FT65(2):101 ; Antioxidant 1.3 x Vit. E BO2 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 30 mM JAF48:235 50 um PC27:973 IC57=30 ppm PCF:221 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=44 uM PM57:A54 ; Antiprostaglandin PJB1(1):169 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 10 uM PC36:579 30 mM JAF48:235 ; Antiseptic JE26:76 ; Antispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73 ; Antistomatitic EMP5:207 ; Antisunburn PM61:510 ; Antithiamin PCF:69 ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl mus; Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM CR48:5941 ; Antiulcerogenic; Antivaccinia EMP5:207 ; Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/ml; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic 2% (diet) PCF:39,277 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic 411 ; Clastogenic JBH ; CNS-Active WIC ; Co-carcinogenic PCF:44 ; Collagen-Sparing PM61:510 ; Cytoprotective CAN ; Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/ml POP:270 ; Diuretic WIC ; DNA-Active JBH ; Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml; Hepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orl mus (in the absence of alcohol) ACS661:230 ; Hepatoprotective ACM:210 ; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM JAF38:688 IC50=62-148 uM JAF44:2057 ; Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uM JAF44:2057 ; Metal-Chelator PCF:25 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prooxidant JAFC45:632 ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Sedative 500 mg RWG17 ; Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l FT64:134 IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134 IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134 ; Tumorigenic 505 ; Vulnerary JE26:76 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21 um MAB

CINCHOFULVIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHOLIC-ACID-BETA-D-QUINOVOSIDE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-IA Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-IB Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-IC Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-ID Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-IIA Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHONAIN-IIB Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiherpetic EMP5:194 ; Antiviral EMP5:194 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CINCHONIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiflu EMP5:193 ; Antiherpetic EMP5:193 ; Antimalarial 150-500 mg/man/4 x day DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic MPI ; Antiviral EMP5:193 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CINCHONINE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiaggregant IC50=125-180 uM BP56:955 ; Antimalarial LD50=152 (ipr rat) M11 ; Antipyretic MPI ; MDR-Inhibitor 250 mg/kg igs rat ADD10:103 ; PAF-Inhibitor IC50=125-180 uM BP56:955 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CINCHOPHYLLAMINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Analgesic WO2 ; Anesthetic WO2 ; CNS-Depressant WO2 ; Hypotensive WO2 ; Tonic WO2

CINCHOTANNIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINCHOTINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CONQUINAMINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CUSCAMIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CUSCAMINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CUSCONIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CUSCONINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DICINCHONINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DICONQUININE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DIHYDROQUINIDINE Plant: DUKE1992A

Antimalarial DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

EPICATECHIN Bark: DUKE1992A

Allelochemic IC100=1 mM 438 ; Antiaggregant IC94=200 ug/ml PR13:597 ; Antianaphylactic; Antibacterial MIC=>1,000 ug/ml; Anticomplementary 1/2 aspirin PM57:A48 ; Antidiabetic 30 mg/kg rat; AntiEBV EMP6:189 ; Antihepatitic V&D ; AntiHIV EC50=2 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihyperglycemic; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml; Antilipoperoxidant PR13:597 ; Antimutagenic; Antioxidant 2.5 x Vit. E BO2 IC50=6.3 ug/ml CPB38:1049 ; Antiperoxidant JBH ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardiotonic DUKE1992B ; Choline-Sparing AFR27:149 ; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic AFR27:149 ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Insulinogenic EMP6:170 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=140 uM PCF IC97=5 mM JAF38:688 ; Pancreatogenic DUKE1992B ; Peroxynitrite-Scavenger IC50=0.181 ug/ml JAF48:5768 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Propecic PH2 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=>40

EPIQUINAMINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EPIQUINIDINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EPIQUININE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FAT Seed 5,000 - 160,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HOMOCINCHONINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HYDROCINCHONIDINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

HYDROQUINIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic 450-600 mg/man/day M29 ; Antimalarial JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

HYDROQUININE Bark: DUKE1992A

Depigmentor M11

ISOCINCHOPHYLLAMINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

JAVANINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PARICINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROANTHOCYANIDIN-A-2 Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROCYANIDIN-B-5 Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROCYANIDIN-C-1 Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTEIN Seed 180,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINACIMINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINAMINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINIC-ACID Bark: DUKE1992A

Choleretic FT5:1986

QUINICINE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antimalarial IC50=11.2 ug/ml V&D ; Cytotoxic IC50=3.2 ug/ml V&D

QUININE Bark: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient; Allergenic M&R602 ; Amebicide IC50=14.8 ug/ml; Analgesic 411 ; Anesthetic WO2 ; Antibacterial LRN-AUG93 ; Antidysenteric PR4(4):131 ; Antifeedant FT68(4):381 ; Antifibrillary JBH ; Antihemorrhoidal WO2 ; Antilumbagic WO2 ; Antimalarial IC50=0.18 ug/ml V&D ; Antineuralgic WO2 ; Antineuritic WO2 ; Antipyretic M11 ; Antisciatic WO2 ; Antitrypanosomic PR4(4):131 ; Antiyeast LRN-AUG93 ; Apertif DUKE1992B ; Astringent DUKE1992B ; Cardiodepressant 411 ; Cytotoxic IC50=183 ug/ml V&D ; Dermatitigenic M&R602 ; FLavor FEMA 5-83 (-100) ARC ; Oxytocic PDR45 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phototoxic FT68(4):381 ; Protisticide LRN-AUG93 ; Spermicide JBH ; Stomachic M11 ; Trypanosomicide PR4(4):131

QUININIDINE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINOVIC-ACID-BETA-D-QUINOVOSIDE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

QUINOVIN Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RESIN Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

STARCH Bark: DUKE1992A

Absorbent M29 ; Antidote (Iodine) JBH ; Antinesidioblastosic M29 ; Emollient M29 ; Poultice M29

SUCIRUBINE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

WAX Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

References

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ACM:210: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.

ACS661:230: Jim Duke's personal files

ADD10:103: Genne, P., Duchamp, O., Solary, E., Magnette, J., Belon, J. P., Chauffert, B. 1995. Cinchonine Per OS: Efficient Circumvention of P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance. Anticancer Drug Design, 10(2): 103-118.

AFR27:149: Singleton, V.L. 1981. Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants: Phenolic Substances of Plant Origin Common in Foods. Advances in Food Research 27: 149-217.

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BP56:955: Jim Duke's personal files

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

CR48:5941: Cancer Research, 48: 5941.

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB48:111: Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.

EMP5:193: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.

EMP5:207: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.

EMP6:170: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170.

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

FT5:1986: Fitoterapia No.5-1986.

FT64:134: Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.

FT65(2):101: Jim Duke's personal files

FT68(4):381: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF38:688: Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.

JAF44:2057: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF48:235: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF48:5768: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC45:632: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE26:76: Jim Duke's personal files

JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.

K16299: Jim Duke's personal files

LRN-AUG93: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R317: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R602: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2,000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

MPI: =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600pp Note: (2 vols so far).

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC27:973: Jim Duke's personal files

PC36:579: Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.

PCF: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.

PCF:18: Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.

PCF:19: Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.

PCF:221: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:25: McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.

PCF:39,277: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:44: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:69: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.

PDR45: Jim Duke's personal files

PH2: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):169: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56:173: Jim Duke's personal files

PM57:A48: Jim Duke's personal files

PM57:A54: Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.

PM61:510: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID11199135: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:51: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:270: Jim Duke's personal files

PPL7:187: Jim Duke's personal files

PR13:597: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4(4):131: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4:73: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.

RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files

SKN43:99: Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

V&D: Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

WO2: Wealth of India.

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