Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Croton eluteria (L.) SW. (Euphorbiaceae) -- Cascarilla

Chemicals

ALPHA-CALACORENE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-COPAENE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-PINENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory IJO15(4):194 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90

ALPHA-THUJENE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-ELEMENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Anticancer (Cervix) MPT

BETA-PINENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN

BETAINE Bark: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Antigastritic M29 ; Antihomocystinuric; Antimyoatrophic PJB1(1) ; Bruchiphobe 382 ; Diuretic WO2 ; Emmenagogue WO2 ; Hepatoprotective M11 ; Lipotropic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

BORNEOL Bark: DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholine CAN ; Antibronchitic JBH ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml FT59:465 ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; CNS-Toxic JBH ; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438 IC50=470 uM TOX ; Inhalant JBH ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED

CALAMENENE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CAMPHENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antilithic? JBH ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Expectorant HH2 ; FLavor FEMA 15-175 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic? JBH ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic FT59:465

CASCARILLADIENE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASCARILLIC-ACID Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASCARILLIDONE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASCARILLIN-A Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CASCARILLONE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINEOLE Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CUPARENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B

CUPAROPHENOL Bark: 411

No activity reported.

D-LIMONENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Anticancer (Breast) HHL2:12 ; Antimelanomic IC50=450 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antitumor-Promoter HHL2:12 ; Cancer-Preventive HHL2:12 ; FLavor FEMA 30-2,300 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic HHL2:12 ; Insecticide DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Litholytic MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

DIPENTENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R618 ; Antibacterial LAF ; Antiviral LAF ; Expectorant JBH ; Irritant JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JBH

EO Bark 15,000 - 30,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EUGENOL Bark: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer DUKE1992B ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>97=1,000 uM HHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/mL PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOXICOLOGY107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B

EUPAROPHENOL Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GAMMA-TERPINENE Bark: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC23=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antifeedant HH3 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; FLavor FEMA 1-40 ARC ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

GAMMA-TERPINEOL Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LIGNIN Bark: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticancer AFR27:209 ; Anticoronary AFR27:209 ; Antidiarrheic M29 ; AntiHIV DUKE1992B ; Antinitrosaminic AFR27:209 ; Antioxidant AFR27:209 ; Antitumor AFR27:209 ; Antiviral CPB38:3033 ; Chelator AFR27:209 ; Hypocholesterolemic AFR27:209 ; Laxative AFR27:209 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

LINALOL Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

METHYL-THYMOL Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MYRCENE Bark: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor TYK1992:95 ; Allergenic M&R154 ; Analgesic EMM18:28 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antimutagenic EMM18:28 ; Antinociceptive 10-20 mg/kg ipr mus JPP42:877 20-40 mg/kg scu mus JPP42:877 ; Antioxidant JA6(4):33 ; Antispasmodic PM&T20:213.1986 ; FLavor FEMA 0.5-9 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

P-CYMENE Bark: DUKE1992A

Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279

PECTIC-ACID Bark: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RESIN Bark 150,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TANNIN Bark: DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205

TERPINEN-4-OL Bark: DUKE1992A

Antiacetylcholinesterase IC21-24=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antiallergic DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic CJT4:203.1982 ; Antibacterial JEO7:271 ; Antiseptic FFJ9:129 ; Antitussive CJT ; Bacteriostatic CJT ; Diuretic 0.1 ml/rat; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=200 mM 438 IC50=22 uM TOX ; Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Irritant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renoirritant CAN ; Spermicide ED100=0.015 AHN188:83.1986 ; Vulnerary LRN-JAN91

VANILLIN Bark: DUKE1992A

Allelochemic IC50=4.26 mM 438 ; Allergenic M&R416 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant JAF44:126 ; Antipolio EMP5:194 ; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antisickling ABS ; Antitumor JAF47:397 ; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiviral EMP5:194 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic RIN ; FLavor FEMA 50-20,000 ARC ; Fungicide JBH ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Insectifuge? MAR ; Irritant; Perfumery; Pesticide DUKE1992B

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ABS: Abstract (See species file)

AFR27:209: Jim Duke's personal files

AHN188:83.1986: Jim Duke's personal files

AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CJT: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis.

CJT4:203.1982: Chin. J. Tuber. Respir. Dis., 4:203, 1982.

CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:3033: Jim Duke's personal files

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EMM18:28: Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F.J.R., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of B-Myrcene in Mammalian Cells In Vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 18: 28-34, 1991.

EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.

EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FFJ9:129: Flav. & Frag. J. 9: 129.

FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files

GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.

HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.

HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

HHL2:12: Jim Duke's personal files

HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

IJO15(4):194: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+

J14432: Jim Duke's personal files

JA6(4):33: Jim Duke's personal files.

JAF44:126: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JEO7:271: J. Ess. Oil Res. 7: 271.

JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.

JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:877: Rao, V.S.N., Menezes, A.M.S., Viana, G.S.B. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 877-878, 1990.

JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.

JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.

K26575: Jim Duke's personal files

LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.

LRN-JAN91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jan-91.

LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.

LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.

M&R154: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R416: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)

MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.

MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files

PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.

PJB1(1): Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files

PM&T20:213.1986: Jim Duke's personal files.

PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:150: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4:93: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.

PR4:95: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.

RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.

RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files

SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

TOXICOLOGY107:39: Jim Duke's personal files

TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.

VAL: Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.

WO2: Wealth of India.

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

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The USDA does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication. Please see the disclaimer for more information.