Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) -- Cowage, Velvetbean

Chemicals

1-METHYL-3-CARBOXY-6,7-DIHYDROXY-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLONE Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R ; Antidepressant MAR ; Antidote (Manganese) to 3 g/man/day MAR ; Antimutilation MAR ; Antiparkinsonian MAR ; Antitourette 400 mg/4x/day/orl/man MAR ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cerebrophilic JBH ; Hypertensive JPP42:35 ; Insecticide JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Secretogogue JPP42:35 ; Spasmogenic PM56(6):688 ; Ulcerogenic JPP42:125 ; Vasoconstrictor JPP42:125

5-METHOXY-N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE-N-OXIDE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

5-OXYINDOLE-3-ALKYLAMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

6-METHOXYHARMAN Leaf: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALANINE Seed 5,475 - 11,600 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant PC27:969 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Oxidant PC27:969

ARACHIDIC-ACID Seed 65 - 1,385 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ARGININE Seed 12,350 - 26,180 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic? WIC ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antiimpotence JMF1(3) ; Antiinfertility 4 g/day WER ; Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Aphrodisiac 3 g/day; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Hypoammonemic JBH ; NO-Genic JMF1(3) ; Pituitary-Stimulant PJB1(2):260 ; Spermigenic 4 g/day WER

ASH Seed 30,000 - 44,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ASPARTIC-ACID Seed 19,850 - 42,080 ppm DUKE1992A

Antimorphinic MAR ; Neuroexcitant MAR ; Roborant M11

BEHENIC-ACID Seed 140 - 2,265 ppm DUKE1992A

Cosmetic JBH

BETA-CARBOLINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BETA-SITOSTEROL Seed: DUKE1992A

Androgenic DUKE1992B ; Anorexic MAR ; Antiadenomic M11 ; Antiandrogenic JE28:221 ; Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl DFN:160 ; Antiestrogenic JE28:221 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antifertility JE28:221 ; Antigonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic PJB1(2):287 ; Antilymphomic PJB1(2):287 ; Antimutagenic 250 ug/mL JAFC37:1365 ; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus EMP5:363 ; Antiprogestational JE28:221 ; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks FT68(4):291 ; Antiprostatadenomic M11 ; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg/3 x/day/orl man; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Antitumor (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiviral PS75:161 ; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B ; Gonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Hepatoprotective PMP23:60 ; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl M30 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl MAR ; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermicide JE28:221 ; Ubiquiot JBH ; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3

BUFOTENINE Seed: DUKE1992A

Antialzheimeran? DUKE1992B ; Anticholinesterase DUKE1992B ; Cardiovascular 0.1 ipr rat BBE ; CNS-Active 5 ipr rat BBE ; Hallucinogenic M11 ; Hypertensive JBH ; Mydriatic JBH ; Serotoninergic M29

CALCIUM Seed 1,320 - 1,600 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CARBOHYDRATES Seed 529,000 - 667,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CHOLINE Seed: DUKE1992A

Antialzheimeran 5-16 g/man/day; Antichoreic DAS ; Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticystinuric DUKE1992B ; Antidementia PJB1(1):171 ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day MAR ; Antimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Cholinergic CAN ; Hepatoprotective JN127:893S ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Ileorelaxant FT1990:509 ; Lipotropic JE26:86 ; Parasympathomimetic (1/1,000th acetylcholine) HDN

CIS-12,13-EPOXYOCTADEC-TRANS-9-CIS-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CIS-12,13-EPOXYOCTADEC-TRANS-9-ENOIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYSTINE Seed 1,400 - 2,965 ppm DUKE1992A

Adjuvant M11 ; Antihomocystinuric M29

DOPA Seed 2,400 - 48,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiparkinsonian DUKE1992B

FAT Seed 7,000 - 63,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FIBER Seed 46,000 - 95,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Laxative DUKE1992B

GALLIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor IC50=7.7 mM/l; Analgesic FT63(3):195 ; Antiadenovirus EMP5:194 ; Antiallergenic IAA94:262 ; Antianaphylactic JBH ; Antiasthmatic W&B ; Antibacterial MIC=1,000 ug/ml FT65(2):185 ; Antibronchitic IAA94:262 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticarcinomic ED50=3 DUKE1992B ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antiflu EMP5:194 ; Antihepatotoxic PCF:93 ; Antiherpetic EC50=>10 ug/ml PCF:180 ; AntiHIV PCF:180 ; Antiinflammatory PM58(6):499 ; Antileishmanic EC50=4.4 ug/ml PR15:122 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosaminic AFR27:217 ; Antioxidant 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 IC44=33 ppm PCF:218 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=69 uM; Antipolio EMP5:194 ; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antiseptic 411 ; Antistaphylococcic MIC=1,000 ug/ml FT65(2):185 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiviral; Apoptotic BO2 ; Astringent 411 ; Bacteristat PR4(5):198 ; Bronchodilator JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic DUKE1992B ; Choleretic JBH ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor RWG141 ; Floral-Inhibitor JBH ; Gram(+)icide JE42:95 ; Gram(-)icide JE42:95 ; Hemostat JE26:83 ; Immunomodulator PR15:122 ; Immunostimulant TEA ; Immunosuppressant; Insulin-Sparing JBH ; Myorelaxant JBH ; Nephrotoxic M29(P.779) ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Styptic DUKE1992B ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor BPB20:1017 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=24 uM CPB38:1225

GENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 8 ppm; JPI

Abortifacient 52 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=10 uM; Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=35 uM JEN147:295 ; Antiaggregant 1-10 ug/ml MED ; Antiangiogenic 150 uM PNA90:2693 ; Antiatherosclerotic JMF2:163 ; Anticancer (Breast) IC50=2.6-6.7 ug/ml DAI56(4):2001 ; Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=?640 uM MED ; Anticlimacteric JAD ; Antiendoccytotic 100 ug/ml MED ; Antiestrogenic OI8:274 ; Antifertility DUKE1992B ; Antihemolytic JLI ; Antiimplantation JE32:175 ; Antiinflammatory JMF2:179 ; Antiischemic MED ; Antileukemic >50 ug/ml (185 uM) IC50=0.010 ug/ml LS55:1061 ; Antileukotriene IC50=10-15 uM MED ; Antilymphomic JNP7:51 ; Antimelanomic MED ; Antimicrobial EEB26:65.1986 ; Antimitogenic IC50=12 uM PNA90:2693 ; Antimutagenic ID50=50-100 nM PCF:13 ; Antineuroblastomic JNP7:51 ; Antiosteoporotic OI8:274 ; Antioxidant PCF:64 ; Antiproliferative 5-45 uM PNA90:2693 ; Antiprostatadenomic 8-27 ug/ml MED ; Antiprostatitic IC50=35 uM JEN147:295 ; Antispasmodic IC50=34 uM PM58:314 ; Antitumor (Breast) JNP7:51 ; Antitumor (GI) JNP7:51 ; Antitumor (Ovary) JNP7:51 ; Antitumor (Prostate) JNP7:51 ; Antitumor (Stomach) JNP7:51 ; Antiulcer? JLI ; Antiviral OI8:274 ; Apoptotic BOI ; Aromatase-Inhibitor IC30=1 uM/l JMF2:235 ; Calcium-Antagonist 50 uM gpg K26820 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective JMF2:163 ; Catechol-O-Methyltransferase-Inhibitor JLI ; Cytotoxic >50 ug/ml (185 uM) MED IC89=10 ug/ml PM57:A113 ; DOPA-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JLI ; Estrogen-Agonist 0.1-1 uM/l JMF2:139 ; Estrogenic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l; Flatulent RWG30 ; Fungicide 2.5 mM PC38:599 ED50=50->100 JLI ; Fungistat IC34=200 uM PC29(3):802 ; Histidine-Kinase-Inhibitor IC50=110 uM MED ; Hypocholesterolemic ED50=0.5 mg/kg JSB59:155 ; Lipase-Inhibitor; MAO-Inhibitor IC50=60-140 uM CPB39:1238 IC50=95 FPC2:140 ; MDR-Inhibitor 200 uM BP53:89 ; NADH-Ubiquinone-Oxidoreductase-Inhibitor PNA95(7):3380 ; Natriuretic JMF3/4:257 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PNA95(7):3380 ; Peroxidase-Inhibitor JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin NIG ; Pituitary-sensitizer MED ; PTK-Inhibitor 10-100 uM BOI ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer IC50=4.6 ug/ml; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor 1-10 ug/ml BBR157:183 IC50=250 ppm; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 2-7.5 ug/ml 20 uM CR49:5111 IC50=1-150 uM IC50=30 ug/ml JNP58:217 ; Topoisomerase-II-Poison JMF2:167 ; Trypanosomastat MED ; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor; Uterotrophic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l ED50=0.5 mg/kg JSB59:155

GLUTAMIC-ACID Seed 19,075 - 40,440 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B ; Antihyperammonemic M29 ; Antilithic PAM ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antiretardation JBH ; Anxiolytic M11 ; Neurotoxic JBH

GLUTATHIONE Seed: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor IC50=3.2 ug/ml LAB54 ; Anticytotoxic PM56(2):190 ; Antidote (Heavy Metals) M29 ; Antieczemic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antioxidant PM56(6):666 ; Cancer-Preventive 525

GLYCINE Seed 7,200 - 15,265 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiacid M29 ; Antialdosteronic PAM ; Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) M29 ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antigastritic M29 ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x day WER ; Antipruritic M11 ; Antisickling PM56(1):41 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Neuroinhibitor WER ; Uricosuric DUKE1992B

HISTIDINE Seed 3,275 - 6,945 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antinephritic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiulcer JE26:80 ; Antiuremic JBH ; Essential JBH ; Oxidant PC27:976

HYDROXYGENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 26 ppm; JPI

No activity reported.

INDOLE-3-ALKYLAMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

IRON Seed 200 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOLEUCINE Seed 7,500 - 15,900 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic? M29 ; Antipellagric MAR ; Essential JBH

KILOCALORIES Seed 3,440 - 3,970 /kg DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LECITHIN Seed 100,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antialzheimeran 40-100 g/man/day/orl MAR ; Antiataxic MAR ; Anticirrhotic DUKE1992B ; Antidementia M29 ; Antidyskinetic 40-80 g/man/day/orl MAR ; Antieczemic DUKE1992B ; Antilithic DAS ; Antimanic PAM ; Antimorphinistic DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant Synergist M29 ; Antipsoriac DUKE1992B ; Antisclerodermic DUKE1992B ; Antiseborrheic DUKE1992B ; Antisprue DUKE1992B ; AntiTourette's 20-50 g/man/day/orl MAR ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Cholinergic MAR ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic 20-30 g/man/day DUKE1992B ; Lipotropic M11

LEUCINE Seed 11,875 - 25,175 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential JBH

LINOLEIC-ACID Seed 715 - 30,680 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189 ; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antiarthritic EMP6:189 ; Anticoronary JBH ; Antieczemic EMP6:189 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antigranular DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; AntiMS EMP6:189 ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic SN146:421 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Immunomodulator EMP6:189 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Metastatic SN146:421 ; Nematicide NIG

LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 265 - 5,800 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LYSINE Seed 9,700 - 20,564 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialkalotic M29 ; Antiherpetic 0.5-3 g/day; Essential JBH ; Hypoarginanemic 250 mg/kg M29

METHIONINE Seed 1,875 - 3,975 ppm DUKE1992A

Anticataract PAM ; Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10 g/16hr/man/orl M29 ; Antidote (Paracetamol) M29 ; Antieczemic JE26:80 ; Antihepatotic JBH ; Antioxidant PC27:976 ; Antiparkinsonian 1-5 g day WER ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Emetic M29 ; Essential JBH ; Glutathionigenic M29 ; Hepatoprotective ACN:207 ; Lipotropic M11 ; Urine-Acidifier 200 mg/3x day/man/orl MAR ; Urine-Deodorant M29

MUCUNADINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MUCUNAIN Seed: DUKE1992A

Anthelminthic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Proteolytic 411

MUCUNINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MYRISTIC-ACID Seed 15 - 125 ppm DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cosmetic JBH ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG

N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE-N-OXIDE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

NIACIN Seed 17 - 34 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NICOTINE Seed: DUKE1992A

Addictive PJN1(1):181 ; Analgesic 2 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Anorectic JE32:182 ; ANS-Paralytic 411 ; ANS-Stimulant 411 ; Antiestrogenic EMP6:189 ; Antifeedant DUKE1992B ; Antifumitory EMP6:189 ; Cardiovascular 0.25 mg/kg ivn dog BBE ; Cholinergic DUKE1992B ; Dopaminigenic QJC28(4):258 ; Ectoparasiticide M11 ; Epinephrininergic JE32:183 ; Herbicide IC57=5 mM 438 ; Hyperglycemic JE32:183 ; Insecticide IC100=1,000 ppm 438 ; Nematistat NIG ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Serotoninergic JE32:185 ; Tranquilizer PJB1(1):181

OLEIC-ACID Seed 735 - 11,400 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Allergenic M&R495 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC

PALMITIC-ACID Seed 1,365 - 33,830 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; FLavor FEMA 1 ARC ; Hemolytic BIS ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Soap JBH

PALMITOLEIC-ACID Seed 35 - 630 ppm DUKE1992A

Soap JBH

PHENYALANINE Seed 7,500 - 15,900 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PHOSPHORUS Seed 3,200 - 4,700 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

PROLINE Seed 9,225 - 19,555 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTEIN Seed 155,000 - 331,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PRURIENIDINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PRURIENINE Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RIBOFLAVIN Seed 1.1 - 2.7 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

SAPONINS Seed 21,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antihepatomic NR54:S71 ; Antimutagenic NR54:S71 ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antitumor (Ovary) NR54:S71 ; Immunomodulator NR54:S71

SD Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

SERINE Seed 7,650 - 16,220 ppm DUKE1992A

Cancer-Preventive 525

SEROTONIN Seed: DUKE1992A

Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Analgesic 0.1 mg/rat ith BBE ; Antiaggregant M29 ; Antialzheimeran? M29 ; Anticholinesterase M29 ; Anticonvulsant 50 mg/kg scu rat BBE ; Antiendotoxic 32.5 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Antigastric DUKE1992B ; Antigastrisecretogogic GMJ ; Antireserpine 12.5 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Bronchoconstrictor 0.006 mg/kg ivn gpg; Cardiovascular 0.003 mg/kg ivn rat BBE ; Coagulant CPB38:2726 ; Euphoriant JAR2(2):15 ; Myorelaxant DUKE1992B ; Myostimulant JNP53(4):956 ; Neurotransmitter; Oxytocic DUKE1992B ; Teratogenic M29 ; Ulcerogenic 20 mg/kg ipr rat JE46:167 ; Vasoactive M11

STEARIC-ACID Seed 390 - 12,475 ppm DUKE1992A

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor PMID10830511 ; Cosmetic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic PMID10830511 ; Suppository JBH

THIAMIN Seed 1.4 - 5.7 ppm DUKE1992A

Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THREONINE Seed 6,250 - 13,250 ppm DUKE1992A

Antioxidant? PC27:976 ; Antiulcer M29 ; Essential JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1,000 ARC

TRYPTAMINE Seed: DUKE1992A

Antiamebic MPT ; Hypertensive EB44:68.1990 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Vasopressor DUKE1992B

TYROSINE Seed 7,975 - 16,907 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidepressant?; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/kg day WER ; Antiphenylketonuric M29 ; Antiulcer 256 mg scu BBE 400 mg/kg ipr rat BBE ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Monoamine-Precursor PAM

VALINE Seed 8,600 - 18,232 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 ARC

VERNOLIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

WATER Cr 91,000 - 114,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

52: Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

ACN:207: Jim Duke's personal files

AFR27:217: Jim Duke's personal files

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

BBR157:183: Okura, A., Arakawa, H., Oka, H., Yoshinari, T., Monden, Y. 1988. Effect of Genistein on Topoisomerase Activity and on the Growth of [VAL 12]HA-RAS-Transformed NIH 3T3 Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 157: 183-189.

BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).

BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BOI: Jim Duke's personal files

BP53:89: Castro, A. F., Altenberg, G. A. 1997. Inhibition of Drug Transport by Genistein in Multidrug-Resistant Cell Expressing P-Glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol, 53(1): 89-93.

BPB20:1017: Hamada, S. I., Kataoka, T., Woo, J. T., Yamada, A., Yoshida, T., Nishimura, T., Otake, N., Nagai, K. 1997. Immunosuppressive Effects by Gallic Acid and Chebulagic Acid on CTL-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Biol Pharm Bull, 20: 1017-1019.

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CPB38:1225: Hatano, T., Yasuhara, T., Yoshihara, R., Agata, I., Noro, T., and Okuda, T. 1989. Effects of Interaction of Tannins with Co-existing Substances.VII. Inhibitory Effects of Tannins Related Polyphenols on Xanthine Oxidase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(5): 1224-1229

CPB38:2726: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:3086: Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.

CPB39:1238: Jim Duke's personal files

CR49:5111: Markovits, J., et al. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Genistein on Mammalian DNA Topoisomerase II. Cancer Research, 49: 5111-5117.

DAI56(4):2001: Jim Duke's personal files

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DFN:160: Jim Duke's personal files

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB44:68.1990: Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.

EEB26:65.1986: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP1:53: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.

EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FPC2:140: Jim Duke's personal files

FT1990:509: Jim Duke's personal files

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT63(3):195: Jim Duke's personal files

FT65(2):185: Jim Duke's personal files

FT68(4):291: Jim Duke's personal files

GAS: Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)

GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.

HDN: Jim Duke's personal files

IAA94:262: Dorsch, W., Wagner, H. New Antiasthmatic Drugs from Traditional Medicine? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 94: 262-265, 1991.

JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC37:1365: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR2(2):15: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:83: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:86: Jim Duke's personal files

JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

JE28:221: Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.

JE32:175: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:182: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:183: Jim Duke's personal files

JE32:185: Jim Duke's personal files

JE42:95: Jim Duke's personal files

JE46:167: Jim Duke's personal files

JEN147:295: Jim Duke's personal files

JLI: Jim Duke's personal files

JMF1(3): Jim Duke's personal files

JMF2:139: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 139.1999.

JMF2:163: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 163.1999.

JMF2:167: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 167.1999.

JMF2:179: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 179.1999.

JMF2:235: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 235.1999.

JMF3/4:257: Jim Duke's personal files

JN127:893S: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP53(4):956: Jim Duke's personal files

JNP58:217: Constantinou, A., Mehta, R., Runyan, C., Rao, K., Vaughan, A., Moon, R. 1995. Flavonoids as DNA Topoisomerase Antagonists and Poisons: Structure-Activity Relationships. J Natural Products, 58: 217-225.

JNP7:51: Jim Duke's personal files

JPI: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:125: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:35: Jim Duke's personal files

JSB59:155: Jim Duke's personal files

K26820: Jim Duke's personal files

LAB54: Jim Duke's personal files

LS55:1061: Life Sciences 55: 1061.

M&R: Mitchell, J. and Rook, A.J. 1923. Botanical Dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, 1979. xiii, 787 p.: ill.

M&R495: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M29(P.779): Martindale's 29th, p. 779.

M30: Martindale's 30th

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)

MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

OI8:274: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC27:969: Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.

PC27:976: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(3):802: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.

PC38:599: Geibel, M. 1994. Sensitivity of the Fungus Cytospora persoonii to the Flavonoids of Prunus cerasus. Phytochemistry. 38(3): 599-601. 1995.

PCF:13: Maga, J.A. Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to Smoke Flavor. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.13.

PCF:180: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:218: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:64: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 64.

PCF:93: Okuda, T., Yoshida, T., and Hatano, T. Antioxidant Effects of Tannins and Related Polyphenols. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.7 p.93.

PJB1(1):171: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):260: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):287: Jim Duke's personal files

PJN1(1):181: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(1):41: Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.

PM56(2):190: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(6):666: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(6):688: Jim Duke's personal files

PM57:A113: Planta Medica, 57: A113, 1991.

PM58(6):499: Kroes, B.H., et al. 1991. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gallic Acid. Planta Medica, 58(6): 499.

PM58:314: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID10830511: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

PNA90:2693: Jim Duke's personal files

PNA95(7):3380: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:153: Jim Duke's personal files

PR15:122: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4(5):198: Lamikanra, A., Ogundaini, A.O., and Ogungbamila*, F.O. Antibacterial Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 198.

PS131:95: Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.

PS75:161: Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.

QJC28(4):258: Jim Duke's personal files

QJC28:155: Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.

RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.

RWG141: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG30: Jim Duke's personal files

SN146:421: Science News, 146: 421.

TEA: McKenna, D. J., Hughes, K., and Jones, K. 2000. Green Tea Monograph. Alternative Therapies, 6(3): 61-82.

W&B: Watt, J.M., and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 1962.

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

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The USDA does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication. Please see the disclaimer for more information.