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Graviola Capsules


Some of the active ingredients documented, researched, and verified in graviola are a group of Annonaceous acetogenins which are only found in the Annonaceae family to which graviola belongs. These phytochemicals are being researched and patented around the world for their active biological actions and uses against cancer.* For more complete information on this powerful plant of the rainforest, please see the plant database file on graviola. More information on graviola can be found the in the new Anti-Cancerous Guide

Graviola was featured in three articles by The Health Sciences Institute which are accessible here:

  • HSI Article 1

  • HSI Article 2

  • HSI Article 3

    Traditional Uses:* for cancer (all types); as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial to treat bacterial and fungal infections; for internal parasites and worms; for high blood pressure; for depression, stress, and nervous disorders

    Suggested Use: Take 2 grams three times daily, or as directed by a healthcare professional.
    Contraindications:
    • 1. Not to be used during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
    • 2. Graviola has demonstrated hypotensive, vasodilator, and cardiodepressant activities in animal studies. People with low blood pressure should monitor their blood pressure accordingly.
    • 3. Graviola has recently been documented to lower blood sugar in animal studies. People with hypoglycemia and diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels accordingly.
    Drug Interactions: None have been reported; however, based on animal studies, graviola may enhance the effect of high blood pressure drugs and diabetes drugs.

    Other Practitioner Observations:
    • 1. Graviola has demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial properties. Chronic, long-term use of this plant might lead to some die-off of friendly bacteria in the digestive tract. Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes may be helpful to counteract this possible effect.
    • 2. Graviola has demonstrated emetic properties in one animal study with pigs. Large single dosages may cause nausea or vomiting. Reduce the usage accordingly or take with a meal if nausea occurs.
    • 3. Drinking plenty of water (at least 8 glasses a day) is helpful to reduce Herxheimer reactions and flush dead and dying cells from the body.
    • 4. One of three documented mechanisms of action of graviola is by decreasing energy to abnormal cells (called an ATP-inhibitor). Taking supplements that increase cellular energy (like CoQ10) will counteract or disable this one mechanism of action of graviola (however, the other two mechanisms of action will be unaffected).


    Third-Party Published Research on Graviola


    All available third-party documentation and research on graviola be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the third-party published research on graviola updated through Feb 2019 is shown below:

    Reviews: (reviewing and summarizing numerous other studies on actions and uses)
    Rady, I., et al. “Anticancer properties of graviola (Annona muricata): A comprehensive mechanistic review.” Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018 Jul; 2018: 1826170. [Free PMC Article]
    Quílez, A., et al. “Potential therapeutic applications of the genus Annona: Local and traditional uses and pharmacology.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Oct; 225: 244-270.
    Yajid, A. et al. “Potential Benefits of Annona muricata in Combating Cancer: A Review. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2018 Feb; 25(1): 5-15. [PMC free article]
    Qazi, A., et al. “Emerging therapeutic potential of graviola and its constituents in cancers.” Carcinogenesis. 2018 Apr; 39(4): 522-533.
    Gavamukulya, Y., et al. “Annona muricata: Is the natural therapy to most disease conditions including cancer growing in our backyard? A systematic review of its research history and future prospects.” Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2017 Sept; 10(9): 835-848 [ScienceDirect free article]
    Moghadamtousi, S., et al. “Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A review of its traditional uses, isolated acetogenins and biological activities.” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015 Jul; 16(7): 15625-58. [PMC Free article]
    Mangal, M., et al. “Acetogenins as Potential Anticancer Agents.” Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2015; 16(2): 138-59.

    Neurotoxicity
    Leslie Taylor's review of the "neurotoxicity studies" published on graviola. [The Safety of Graviola]

    Anticancer Human Studies:
    Indrawati, L., et al. “The effect of an Annona muricata leaf extract on nutritional status and cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial." Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017; 26(4): 606-612. [Free full article]

    Anticancerous & Antitumor Actions:
    Ma, C., et al. “Non-targeted metabolomic analysis on multidrug resistance hepatocellular carcinoma cell and reversal effect of annonaceous acetogenins.” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2019 Feb; 164: 489-495. Sabapati, M., et al. "Solid lipid nanoparticles of Annona muricata fruit extract: formulation, optimization and in vitro cytotoxicity studies." Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2019 Jan 19:1-10.
    Torres, C., Effect of Morinda citrifolia and Annona muricata on Erhlich tumor cells in Swiss albino mice and in vitro fibroblast cells." J. Med. Food. 2019 Jan; 22(1): 46-51.
    Kim, J., "Annona muricata leaf extract triggered intrinsic apoptotic pathway to attenuate cancerous features of triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231." Cells. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2018 Jul; 2018: 7972916.
    Rady, I., et al. "Anticancer properties of graviola (Annona muricata): A comprehensive mechanistic review." Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018 Jul; 2018: 1826170.
    Sánchez-Navarro, M., et al. "Cytotoxic and bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis method using Annona muricata aqueous extract and functionalized with 5-Fluorouracil." Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2018 Oct; 2018: 6506381.
    Moreau, D., et al. "[Self medication with Annona muricata L. (corossol) as an anti-cancer agent in Reunion]." Rev. Mal. Respir. 2018 Nov; 35(9): 948-955.
    Abdul Wahab, S., et at. "Exploring the leaves of Annona muricata L. as a source of potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents." Front. Pharmacol. 2018 Jun; 9: 661.
    Chamcheu, J., "Graviola (Annona muricata) exerts anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic and pro-apoptotic effects in human non-melanoma skin cancer UW-BCC1 and A431 cells in vitro: involvement of hedgehog signaling." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018 Jun; 19(6).
    Dawood, H., "Integrated in silico-in vitro strategy for screening of some traditional Egyptian plants for human aromatase inhibitors." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Oct; 224: 359-372.
    Rosdi, M., et al. "Molecular docking studies of bioactive compounds from Annona muricata Linn as potential inhibitors for Bcl-2, Bcl-w and Mcl-1 antiapoptotic proteins." Apoptosis. 2018 Jan; 23(1): 27-40.
    Ma, C., et al. “Metabolomics analysis of the potential anticancer mechanism of annonaceous acetogenins on a multidrug resistant mammary adenocarcinoma cell.” Anal. Biochem. 2018 Jul 15; 553: 1-6.
    Roduan, M., "Annona muricata leaves extracts prevent DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis via modulating antioxidants enzymes system in ICR mice." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017 Oct; 94: 481-488.
    Abdullah, M., et al. "The value of caspase-3 after the application of Annona muricata leaf extract in COLO-205 colorectal cancer cell line." Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2017; 2017: 4357165.
    Morosetti, G., "Ellagic acid and Annona muricata in the chemoprevention of HPV-related pre-neoplastic lesions of the cervix." Oncol Lett. 2017 Mar; 13(3): 1880-1884.
    Yap, C. et al. "Annonacin exerts antitumor activity through induction of apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition." Pharmacognosy Res. 2017 Oct-Dec; 9(4): 378-383.
    Foster, K., et al. "Reliance on medicinal plant therapy among cancer patients in Jamaica." Cancer Causes Control. 2017 Nov; 28(11): 1349-1356.
    Tundis, R., "Annona species (Annonaceae): a rich source of potential antitumor agents? Ann. N. Y Acad Sci. 2017 Jun; 1398(1): 30-36.
    Prabhakaran, K., et al. "Polyketide natural products, acetogenins from graviola (Annona muricata L), its biochemical, cytotoxic activity and various analyses through computational and bio-programming methods." Curr. Pharm. Des. 2016; 22(34): 5204-5210.
    Sun, L., et al. "Isolation of three new Anonaceous acetogenins from graviola fruit (Annona muricata) and their anti-proliferation on human prostate cancer cell PC-3." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016 Sep; 26(17): 4382-5.
    Clement, Y., et al. "Herbal remedies and functional foods used by cancer patients attending specialty oncology clinics in Trinidad." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016 Oct; 16(1): 399
    Kuete, V., et al. "Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Annona muricata, Passiflora edulis and nine other Cameroonian medicinal plants towards multi-factorial drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Springerplus. 2016 Sep; 5(1): 1666.
    Najmuddin, S., et al. "Anti-cancer effect of Annona muricata Linn leaves crude extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016 Aug; 16(1): 311.
    Prabhakaran, K., "Polyketide natural products, acetogenins from graviola (Annona muricata L), its biochemical, cytotoxic activity and various analyses through computational and bio-programming methods." Curr. Pharm. Des. 2016; 22(34): 5204-5210.
    Liu, N., et al. "Functional proteomic analysis reveals that the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. induces liver cancer cell apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Aug; 189: 210-7.
    Antony, P., and Vijayan, R. "Acetogenins from Annona muricata as potential inhibitors of antiapoptotic proteins: a molecular modeling study." Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2016 Apr; 10: 1399-410.
    Shi, Y., et al. "[Structure activity relationship of annonaceous acetogenins against multidrug resistant human lung cancer cell line A549/Taxol in vitro]." Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2016 May; 41(10): 1884-1888.
    Liaw, C., et al. “Acetogenins from Annonaceae.” Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 2016; 101: 113-230.
    Qian, J., et al. “Annonaceous acetogenins reverses drug resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402/5-FU and HepG2/ADM cell lines.” Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015 Sep; 8(9): 11934-44.
    Magadi, V. "Evaluation of cytotoxicity of aqueous extract of graviola leaves on squamous cell carcinoma cell-25 cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and determination of percentage of cell inhibition at G2M phase of cell cycle by flow cytometry: An in vitro study." Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2015 Oct-Dec; 6(4): 529-33.
    Yang, C., et al. "Synergistic interactions among flavonoids and acetogenins in graviola (Annona muricata) leaves confer protection against prostate cancer." Carcinogenesis. 2015 Jun; 36(6): 656-65.
    Zorofchian, S., et al. "The chemopotential effect of Annona muricata leaves against azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats and the apoptotic effect of acetogenin annomuricin E in HT-29 cells: a bioassay-guided approach." PLoS One. 2015 Apr; 10(4): e0122288.
    Asare, G., et al. "Antiproliferative activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata L. on the prostate, BPH-1 cells, and some target genes." Integr. Cancer Ther. 2015 Jan; 14(1): 65-74.
    Yuan, F., et al. “Structure-activity relationships of diverse ACGs against multidrug resistant human lung cancer cell line A549/Taxol.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015 Feb; 25(4): 787-90.
    Pieme, C., et al. "Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptosis by Annona muricata (Annonaceae) extract on human cancer cells." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014 Dec; 14: 516.
    Gavamukulya, Y., et al. "Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity and in vitro anticancer potential of ethanolic and water leaves extracts of Annona muricata (Graviola)." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2014 Sep; 7S1: S355-63.
    Zorofchian, M., et al. "Annona muricata leaves induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in human HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Oct; 156: 277-89.
    Moghadamtousi, S., et al. "Annona muricata leaves induced apoptosis in A549 cells through mitochondrial-mediated pathway and involvement of NF-κB." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014 Aug; 14: 299.
    Sun, S., et al. "Three new anti-proliferative Annonaceous acetogenins with mono-tetrahydrofuran ring from graviola fruit (Annona muricata)." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014 Jun; 24(12): 2773-6.
    Paul, J., et al. "Anti cancer activity on graviola, an exciting medicinal plant extract vs various cancer cell lines and a detailed computational study on its potent anti-cancerous leads." Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2013; 13(14): 1666-73.
    de Pedro, N., et al. "Mitochondrial complex I inhibitors, acetogenins, induce HepG2 cell death through the induction of the complete apoptotic mitochondrial pathway." J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 2013 Feb; 45(1-2): 153-64.
    de Pedro, N., et al. "Analysis of cytotoxic activity at short incubation times reveals profound differences among Annonaceus acetogenins, inhibitors of mitochondrial Complex I." J. Bioenerg Biomembr. 2013 Feb; 45(1-2): 145-52
    Hamizah, S., et al. "Chemopreventive potential of Annona muricata L leaves on chemically-induced skin papillomagenesis in mice." Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012; 13(6): 2533-9.
    Torres, M., et al. "Graviola: a novel promising natural-derived drug that inhibits tumorigenicity and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through altering cell metabolism." Cancer Lett. 2012 Oct; 323(1): 29-40.
    Chen, Y., et al. "Anti-tumor activity of Annona squamosa seeds extract containing Annonaceous acetogenin compounds." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jul; 142(2): 462-6.
    Chen, Y., et al. "Antitumor activity of Annonaceous acetogenins in HepS and S180 xenografts bearing mice." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012 Apr; 22(8): 2717-9.
    George, V., et al. "Quantitative assessment of the relative antineoplastic potential of the n-butanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata Linn. in normal and immortalized human cell lines." Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012; 13(2) :699-704.
    Gomes de Melo, J., et al. "Antiproliferative activity, antioxidant capacity and tannin content in plants of semi-arid northeastern Brazil." Molecules. 2010 Nov; 15(12): 8534-42.
    Ko, Y., et al. "Annonacin induces cell cycle-dependent growth arrest and apoptosis in estrogen receptor-a-related pathways in MCF-7 cells." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct; 137(3): 1283-90.
    Tantithanaporn, S., et al. "Cytotoxic activity of acetogenins and styryl lactones isolated from Goniothalamus undulatus Ridl. root extracts against a lung cancer cell line (COR-L23)." Phytomedicine. 2011 Apr; 18(6): 486-90.
    Coothankandaswamy, V., et al. "The alternative medicine pawpaw and its acetogenin constituents suppress tumor angiogenesis via the HIF-1/VEGF pathway." J. Nat. Prod. 2010 May; 73(5): 956-61.
    Yang, h., et al. "Structure-activity relationships of diverse Annonaceous acetogenins against human tumor cells." Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr; 19(8): 2199-202.
    Kojima, N. "Systematic synthesis of antitumor Annonaceous acetogenins." Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004; 124(10): 673-81.
    Tormo, J., et al. "In vitro antitumor structure-activity relationships of threo/trans/threo mono-tetrahydro-furanic acetogenins: Correlations with their inhibition of mitochondrial complex I." Oncol. Res. 2003; 14(3): 147-54.
    Yuan, S., et al. "Annonacin, a mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenin, arrests cancer cells at the G1 phase and causes cytotoxicity in a Bax- and caspase-3-related pathway." Life Sci. 2003 May: 72(25): 2853-61.
    Liaw, C., et al. "New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 2002; 65(4): 470-75
    Gonzalez-Coloma, A., et al. "Selective action of acetogenin mitochondrial complex I inhibitors." Z. Naturforsch. 2002; 57(11-12): 1028-34.
    Chang, F., et al. "Novel cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(7): 925-31.
    Jaramillo, M., et al. "Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp." Fitoterapia. 2000; 71 (2): 183-6.
    Betancur-Galvis, L., et al. "Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plant extracts." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1999; 94(4): 531-35.
    Kim, G., et al. "Muricoreacin and murihexocin C, mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenins, from the leaves of Annona muricata." Phytochemistry. 1998; 49(2): 565-71.
    Kim, G., et al. "Two new mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins, annomuricin E and muricapentocin, from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1998; 61(4): 432-36.
    Nicolas, H., et al. "Structure-activity relationships of diverse Annonaceous acetogenins against multidrug resistant human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7/Adr) cells." J. Med. Chem. 1997; 40(13): 2102-6.
    Zeng, L., et al. "Five new monotetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(11): 1035-42.
    Wu, F., et al. "Two new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, annomuricins A and B, from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 830-36.
    Oberlies, N., et al. "Tumor cell growth inhibition by several Annonaceous acetogenins in an in vitro disk diffusion assay." Cancer Lett. 1995; 96(1): 55-62.
    Wu, F., et al. "Additional bioactive acetogenins, annomutacin and (2,4-trans and cis)-10R-annonacin-A-ones, from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(9): 1430-37.
    Wu, F., et al. "New bioactive monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, annomuricin C and muricatocin C, from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 909-5.
    Wu, F., et al. "Muricatocins A and B, two new bioactive monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata." J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 902-8.
    Sundarrao, K., et al. "Preliminary screening of antibacterial and antitumor activities of Papua New Guinean native medicinal plants." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 3-6.

    Antimicrobial Actions:
    Simo, M., et al. "Cameroonian medicinal plants belonging to Annonaceae family: radical scavenging and antifungal activities." Nat. Prod. Res. 2018 Sep; 32(17): 2092-2095.
    Pai, B., "Anti-microbial efficacy of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata) on oral pathogens: an in-vitro study." J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016 Nov; 10(11): ZC01-ZC04.
    Mathew, J., et al. "Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Annona muricata and Simarouba glauca on Enterococcus faecalis." J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2016 Aug; 17(8): 650-3.
    Dzotam, J., "Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of Canarium schweinfurthii and four other Cameroonian dietary plants against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria." Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2016 Sep; 23(5): 565-70.
    Feng, L., et al. "Specific inhibitions of Annonaceous acetogenins on class II 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from Streptococcus pneumoniae." Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011 Jun; 19(11): 3512-9.
    Viera, G., et al. "Antibacterial effect (in vitro) of Moringa oleifera and Annona muricata against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria." Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2010 May-Jun; 52(3): 129-32.
    Takahashi, J., et al. "Antibacterial activity of eight Brazilian Annonaceae plants." Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20(1): 21-6.
    Betancur-Galvis, L., et al. "Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plant extracts." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94(4): 531-35.
    Antoun, M., et al. "Evaluation of the flora of Puerto Rico for in vitro cytotoxic and anti-HIV activities." Pharmaceutical Biol. 1999; 37(4): 277-280.
    Padma, P., et al. "Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on Herpes simplex virus." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 61(1): 81-3.
    Sundarrao, K., et al. "Preliminary screening of antibacterial and antitumor activities of Papua New Guinean native medicinal plants." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 3-6.
    Misas, C., et al. "Contribution to the biological evaluation of Cuban plants. IV." Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 1979; 31(1): 29-35.

    Sedative, Antidepressant & Anti-anxiety Actions:
    Souza, D., et al. "Phytochemical analysis and central effects of Annona muricata Linnaeus: possible involvement of the gabaergic and monoaminergic systems." Iran J. Pharm Res. 2018 Fall; 17(4): 1306-1317.
    Padma, P., et al. "Effect of Annona muricata and Polyalthia cerasoides on brain neurotransmitters and enzyme monoamine oxidase following cold immobilization stress." J. Natural Remedies 2001; 1(2): 144-46.
    Hasrat, J. A., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants from Suriname for 5-HT 1A ligands: Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from the fruit of Annona muricata." Phytomedicine. 1997; 4(20: 133-140.
    Padma, P., et al. "Effect of alcohol extract of Annona muricata on cold immobilization stress induced tissue lipid peroxidation." Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(4): 326-327.
    Hasrat, J. A., et al. "Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of Annona muricata as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (lead) products." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1997; 49(11): 1145-49.

    Antiparasitic, Antimalarial, & Insecticidal Actions:
    Leesombun, A., et al. "Ethanol extracts from Thai plants have anti-plasmodium and anti-toxoplasma activities in vitro." Acta Parasitol. 2019 Feb 28.
    Lemos da Silva, L., et al. “Antiprotozoal investigation of 20 plant metabolites on Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. Atalantoflavone alters the mitochondrial membrane potential.” Parasitology. 2019 Feb: 1-8.
    Toghueo R., et al. "Antiplasmodial potential and GC-MS fingerprint of endophytic fungal extracts derived from Cameroonian Annona muricata." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Feb; 235: 111-121.
    Ribeiro L., et al. “Toxicity of an annonin-based commercial bioinsecticide against three primary pest species of stored products.” Neotrop. Entomol. 2018 Feb; 47(1): 145-151.
    Somsak, V., et al. "In vivo antimalarial activity of Annona muricata leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei." J. Pathog. 2016; 2016: 3264070.
    Santhosh, S., "Spectral and HRTEM analyses of Annona muricata leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and its larvicidal efficacy against three mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti." J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2015 Dec; 153: 184-90.
    Santhosh, S., et al. "Annona muricata leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles synthesis and its larvicidal potential against dengue, malaria and filariasis vector." Parasitol. Res. 2015 Aug; 114(8): 3087-96.
    Yamthe, L., et al. "Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum." Medicines. 2015 Apr; 2(2): 55-66.
    Mohd Abd Razak, M., et al. "Effect of selected local medicinal plants on the asexual blood stage of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum." BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2014 Dec; 14: 492.
    Ferreira, L., et al. "In vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) against Haemonchus contortus from sheep." Exp. Parasitol. 2013 Jul; 134(3): 327-32.
    Vila-Nova, N., et al. "Different susceptibilities of Leishmania spp. promastigotes to the Annona muricata acetogenins annonacinone and corossolone, and the Platymiscium floribundum coumarin scoparone." Exp. Parasitol. 2013 Mar; 133(3): 334-8.
    Grzybowski, A., et al. "Synergistic larvicidal effect and morphological alterations induced by ethanolic extracts of Annona muricata and Piper nigrum against the dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti." Pest. Manag. Sci. 2013 May; 69(5): 589-601.
    Vila-Nova N., et al. "Leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of compounds from two Annonacea species cultivated in Northeastern Brazil." Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2011 Oct; 44(5): 567-71.
    Broglio-Micheletti, S., et al. "[Plant extracts in control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory]." Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2009 Oct-Dec; 18(4): 44-8.
    Osorio, E., et al. "Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities in vitro of Colombian Annonaceae." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May; 111(3): 630-5.
    Luna, J., et al. "Acetogenins in Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) leaves are potent molluscicides." Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20(3): 253-7.
    Jaramillo, M., et al. "Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp." Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(2): 183-6.
    Alali, F., et al. "Annonaceous acetogenins as natural pesticides; potent toxicity against insecticide-susceptible and resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)." J. Econ. Entomol. 1998; 91(3): 641-9.
    Antoun, M., et al. "Screening of the flora of Puerto Rico for potential antimalarial bioactives." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(4): 255-58.
    Heinrich, M., et al. "Parasitological and microbiological evaluation of Mixe Indian medicinal plants (Mexico)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 36(1): 81-5.
    Bories, C., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of Annona muricata and Annona cherimolia seeds." Planta Med. 1991; 57(5): 434-36.
    Gbeassor, M., et al. "In vitro antimalarial activity of six medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 115-17.
    Tattersfield, F., et al. "The insecticidal properties of certain species of Annona and an Indian strain of Mundulea sericea (Supli)." Ann. Appl. Biol. 1940; 27: 262-73.

    Anti-Diabetes & Cholesterol-Lowering Action:
    Jimoh, O., et al. "Protective effect of soursop (Annona muricata linn.) juice on oxidative stress in heat stressed rabbits." J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2018 Nov 16; 60: 28.
    Justino, A., "Annona muricata Linn. leaf as a source of antioxidant compounds with in vitro antidiabetic and inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, non-enzymatic glycation and lipid peroxidation." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 Apr; 100: 83-92.
    Damayanti, D., et al. "Revealing the potency of Annona muricata leaves extract as FOXO1 inhibitor for Diabetes mellitus treatment through computational study." In Silico Pharmacol. 2016 Dec; 5(1): 3.
    Adefegha, S., et al. "Distribution of phenolic contents, antidiabetic potentials, antihypertensive properties, and antioxidative effects of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit parts in vitro." Biochem. Res. Int. 2015; 2015: 347673.
    Florence, N. et al. "Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), aqueous extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Feb; 151(2): 784-90.
    Adeyemi, D., et al. "Histomorphological and morphometric studies of the pancreatic islet cells of diabetic rats treated with extracts of Annona muricata." Folia Morphol. (Warsz). 2010 May; 69(2): 92-100.
    Adeyemi, D., et al. "Anti-hyperglycemic activities of Annona muricata (Linn)" Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2008 Oct; 6(1): 62-9.
    Adewole, S., et al. "Protective effects of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern Med. 2008 Oct; 6(1): 30-41.

    Anticonvulsant, Antispasmodic, & Smooth Muscle Relaxant Actions:
    N’gouemo, P., et al. "Effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsive seizures in mice." Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(3): 243-45.
    Feng, P. C., et al. "Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556-61.

    Hypotensive & Cardiodepressant Actions
    Adefegha, S., et al. "Distribution of phenolic contents, antidiabetic potentials, antihypertensive properties, and antioxidative effects of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit parts in vitro." Biochem. Res. Int. 2015; 2015: 347673.
    Nwokocha, C., et al. "Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats." Pharm Biol. 2012 Nov; 50(11): 1436-41.
    Carbajal, D., et al. "Pharmacological screening of plant decoctions commonly used in Cuban folk medicine." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 33(1/2): 21-4.
    Feng, P. C., et al. "Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556-61.
    Meyer, T. M. "The alkaloids of Annona muricata." Ing. Ned. Indie. 1941; 8(6): 64.

    Immunomodulating, Anti-inflammatory & Pain-Relieving Actions:
    Abdul Wahab, S., et at. "Exploring the leaves of Annona muricata L. as a source of potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents." Front. Pharmacol. 2018 Jun; 9: 661.
    Oliveira, A., et al. "Exploratory studies on the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of two herbal teas (Annona muricata L. and Jasminum grandiflorum L.), and relation with their phenolic composition. Chem. Biodivers. 2017 Jun; 14(6).
    Kim, G., et al. "Immunomodulatory efficacy of standardized Annona muricata (graviola) leaf extract via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in raw 264.7 macrophages." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016; 2016: 2905127.
    Ishola, I., et al. "Mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) fruit extract in rodents." J. Med. Food. 2014 Dec; 17(12): 1375-82.
    de Sousa, O., et al. "Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaves in animal models." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010 May; 11(5): 2067-78

    Antioxidant Actions:
    Graviola leaves and fruits contain at least 37 known phenolic compounds including chlorogenic, ellagic acids and caffeic acids, procyanidins B2 and C1, (epi)catechin, quercetin, quercetin-hexosides and kaempferol which are strong antioxidants that can protect cells and organs from oxidative stress and damage from reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products.
    Bento, E., et al. "Antiulcerogenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Annona muricata Linnaeus in mice." Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2018 May; 25(4): 609-621.
    Jimoh, O., et al. "Protective effect of soursop (Annona muricata linn.) juice on oxidative stress in heat stressed rabbits." J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2018 Nov 16; 60: 28.
    Justino, A., "Annona muricata Linn. leaf as a source of antioxidant compounds with in vitro antidiabetic and inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, non-enzymatic glycation and lipid peroxidation." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 Apr; 100: 83-92.
    Simo, M., et al. "Cameroonian medicinal plants belonging to Annonaceae family: radical scavenging and antifungal activities." Nat. Prod. Res. 2018 Sep; 32(17): 2092-2095.
    Roduan, M., "Annona muricata leaves extracts prevent DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis via modulating antioxidants enzymes system in ICR mice." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017 Oct; 94: 481-488.
    Acésio, N., et al. "Assessment of the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential of the Annona muricata leaves and their influence on genomic stability." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 2017; 80(23-24): 1290-1300.
    Agu, K. and Okolie P. "Proximate composition, phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antioxidant potentials of extracts of Annona muricata (Soursop). Food Sci. Nutr. 2017 Jun; 5(5): 1029-1036.
    Adefegha, S., et al. "Distribution of phenolic contents, antidiabetic potentials, antihypertensive properties, and antioxidative effects of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit parts in vitro." Biochem. Res. Int. 2015; 2015: 347673.
    Bipat, R., et al. "Beneficial effect of medicinal plants on the contractility of post-hypoxic isolated guinea pig atria – Potential implications for the treatment of ischemic-reperfusion injury." Pharm. Biol. 2016 Aug; 54(8): 1483-9.
    George, V. et al. In vitro protective potentials of Annona muricata leaf extracts against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity." Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 2015; 12(1): 59-63.
    Moghadamtousi, S., et al. "Annona muricata leaves accelerate wound healing in rats via involvement of Hsp70 and antioxidant defense." Int. J. Surg. 2015 Jun; 18: 110-7.
    George, V., et al. "Antioxidant, DNA protective efficacy and HPLC analysis of Annona muricata (soursop) extracts." J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015 Apr; 52(4): 2328-35.
    Lee, Y., et al. "An appraisal of eighteen commonly consumed edible plants as functional food based on their antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015 Nov; 95(14): 2956-64.
    Moghadamtousi, S. et al. "Gastroprotective activity of Annona muricata leaves against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats via Hsp70/Bax involvement." Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2014 Oct; 8: 2099-110.
    Gavamukulya, Y., et al. "Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity and in vitro anticancer potential of ethanolic and water leaves extracts of Annona muricata (Graviola)." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2014 Sep; 7S1: S355-63.
    Zielinski, A., et al. "The association between chromaticity, phenolics, carotenoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity of frozen fruit pulp in Brazil: an application of chemometrics." J. Food Sci. 2014 Apr; 79(4): C510-6.
    Holanda, C., et al. "Influence of Annona muricata (soursop) on biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals in rats." Acta Cir. Bras. 2014 Mar; 29(3): 145-50.
    Zamudio-Cuevas, Y., et al. The antioxidant activity of soursop decreases the expression of a member of the NADPH oxidase family." Food Funct. 2014 Feb; 5(2): 303-9.
    Florence, N. et al. "Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), aqueous extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Feb; 151(2): 784-90.
    Nawwar, M., et al. "A flavonol triglycoside and investigation of the antioxidant and cell stimulating activities of Annona muricata Linn." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2012 May; 35(5): 761-7.
    Adewole, S., et al. "Protective effects of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2008 Oct; 6(1): 30-41.
    Baskar, R., et al. "In vitro antioxidant studies in leaves of Annona species." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2007 May; 45(5): 480-5.

    Hormonal / Anti-BPH Actions:
    Adaramoye, O. et al. "Hexane fraction of Annona muricata (Sour sop) seed ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 Dec; 111: 403-413.

    Anti-Melanin – Skin Whitening Actions:
    Meer, S. and Akhtar, N. "Annona muricata extract containing pharmaceutical emulgels with and without penetration enhancer for depigmenting and antierythmic effects." Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2018 Nov; 31(6 (Supplementary): 2683-2688.

    Harvesting & Quality Control Issues:
    Toghueo R., et al. "Antiplasmodial potential and GC-MS fingerprint of endophytic fungal extracts derived from Cameroonian Annona muricata." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Feb; 235:111-121 (fungal issues)
    Ramos-Guerrero, A., et al. "Use of inductors in the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from soursop fruits: in vitro tests." Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2018 Jan; 27(3): 755-763. (Fungal issues)
    Osathanunkul, M. "Bar-HRM for authenticating soursop (Annona muricata) tea." Sci. Rep. 2018 Aug; 8(1): 12666. (Adulteration – wrong Annona species)
    Minarni, A., et al. "Anticancer activity test of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.)." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2017 Jun; 10(6): 566-571.

    Safety Studies:
    Awodele, O., et al. "Toxicological evaluation of the lyophilized fruit juice extract of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) in rodents." J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013 Dec: 1-11.

    Chemical Constituents:
    Bonneau, N., et al. "Quantification of Annonaceous acetogenins in crude extracts of Annona muricata L. fruit pulp." Phytochem. Anal. 2017 Jul; 28(4): 251-256.
    Lee, W., et al. "Influence of different extraction conditions on antioxidant properties of soursop peel." Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 2016 Oct-Dec; 15(4): 419-428.
    Garcia, E., et al. "Identification of lactic acid bacteria in fruit pulp processing byproducts and potential probiotic properties of selected Lactobacillus strains." Front. Microbiol. 2016 Aug; 7: 1371.
    Baskaran, R., et al. "Thermal processing alters the chemical quality and sensory characteristics of sweetsop (Annona squamosa L.) and soursop (Annona muricata L.) pulp and nectar." J. Food Sci. 2016 Jan; 81(1): S182-8.

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