Leslie Taylor's formula of 8 rainforest botanicals formulated to treat a mycoplasma infection which can be an underlying cause of an autoimmune disease. The initial basis of the formula was to target plants with very strong antibacterial actions capable of killing mycoplasma bacteria. For more information on mycoplasma bacteria and the diseases they cause, see this page.

In addition, strong antibacterial plants were chosen that additionally possess immune-modulating and/or anti-inflammatory actions. These actions can help treat mycoplasma-caused autoimmune diseases where immune cells and processes are over-stimulated and result in un-relenting and/or chronic inflammation. Some of the immune modulation actions documented in the studies below were actually modulating/reducing/suppressing immune cells involved in creating inflammation. Some of the anti-inflammatory actions of the plants reported in the studies below were really an immunomodulation action that resulted in less inflammation.

When mycoplasmas attach to or invade healthy cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are created. Even more ROS can be generated when bacterial species die. Chronic inflammation is also linked to elevated ROS. Elevated ROS in the body can cause oxidative stress and damage to cells and organs as well as activate an immune response to deal with these damaged cells which can generate even more inflammation. Some of the plant ingredients in this formula were chosen because, in addition to antimycoplasmal actions, they also possess strong antioxidant actions which are very helpful in dealing with this aspect of most autoimmune diseases. These cellular protective antioxidant plants and/or plant chemicals have shown in studies detailed below to protect cells and organs from oxidative stress which will help avoid re-stimulation of the immune system to deal with this damage.

Addressing the underlying infection as well as the three main issues prevalent in an autoimmune disease (over-stimulated immune processes, inflammation and oxidative stress) simultaneously in one formula results in a highly effective product and great results. When Raintree Nutrition sold this formula from 2001 to 2012, it was the 3^rd most popular product in the entire line of Raintree’s herbal remedies because it was working so well for many different autoimmune diseases. This product was featured in an article by the Health Sciences Institute.

Ingredients: A blend of mullaca, Brazilian peppertree, anamu, clavillia, macela, fedegoso, picăo preto, and uva ursi. To prepare this natural remedy yourself: use two parts each mullaca, Brazilian peppertree and anamu and one part each of the remaining plants in the list. To make a small amount, "1 part" could be one tablespoon (you'd have 11 tablespoons of the blended herbal formula). For larger amounts, use "1 part" as one ounce or one cup or one pound. Combine all the herbs together well. The herbal mixture can then be stuffed into capsules or brewed into tea, or stirred into juice or other liquid. This formula can also be prepared into a standard tincture. For instructions on preparing herbal remedies and tinctures, see this link. For more complete information on these unique rainforest plant ingredients, follow the links provided below to the Tropical Plant Database to each plant ingredient's database file.
Suggested Use: Take 2 grams / 3 capsules three times daily or ½ teaspoon of a tincture three times daily.
Contraindications: Not to be used during pregnancy or while breast feeding.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
Other Practitioner Observations:

• 1. Several plants in this formula have been documented to reduce blood pressure in animal studies. Individuals with low blood pressure should be monitored for this possible effect.
• 2. All of the plants in this formula have demonstrated antimicrobial (antimycoplasmal, antibacterial, & antimycobacterial) effects in laboratory studies. Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable when this formula is used for longer than 30 days. See the Amazon A-F formula to address candida if taking this formula for longer than 30 days.

This rainforest formula has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Mullaca (Physalis angulata)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Mullaca has demonstrated broad spectrum antibacterial actions against many species of gram positive, gram negative, mycobacteria, and mycoplasma bacteria in the research detailed below. Mullaca has also shown moderate antifungal actions and good antiviral actions. The antimicrobial actions of mullaca are attributed to various physalins and withanolides chemicals found in the aerial parts, roots, and even fruit of this rainforest plant.
Pinto, L., et at. "Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016 Apr; 79: 129-34.
Gibson, K., et al. "Isolation and characterization of a bactericidal withanolide from Physalis virginiana." Pharmacogn. Mag. 2012 Jan; 8(29): 22-8.
Osho, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Physalis angulata. L." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2010; 7(4): 303-6.
Silva, M., et al. "Studies on antimicrobial activity, in vitro, of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) fraction and physalin B bringing out the importance of assay determination." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2005 Nov; 100(7): 779-82.
Hwang, J., et al. "Anticariogenic activity of some tropical medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans." Fitoterapia. 2004 Sep; 75(6): 596-8.
Pietro, R., et al. "In vitro antimycobacterial activities of Physalis angulata L." Phytomedicine 2000; 7(4): 335-38.
Januario, A., et al. "Antimycobacterial physalins from Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae)." Phytother. Res. 2002; 16(5): 445-48.
Otake, T., et al. "Screening of Indonesian plant extracts for anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 (HIV-1) Activity." Phytother. Res. 1995; 9(1): 6-10.
Kurokawa, M., et al. "Antiviral traditional medicines against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), polio virus, and measles virus in vitro and their therapeutic efficacies for HSV-1 infection in mice." Antiviral Res. 1993; 22(2/3): 175-88.
Kusumoto, I., et al. "Screening of some Indonesian medicinal plants for inhibitory effects on HIV-1 protease." Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1992; 46(2): 190-93.
Hussain, H., et al. "Plants in Kano ethnomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids." Int. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 29(1): 51-56.
Ogunlana, E., et al. "Investigations into the antibacterial activities of local plants." Planta Med. 1975; 27: 354.
Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory & Cellular Protective Antioxidant Actions:
Mullaca addresses inflammation in several ways, down several different pathways, including by modulating the specific immune cells and processes which are activated to produce inflammation. One of these studies showed that mullaca effectively treated laboratory-induced inflammatory bowel disease by protecting against oxidative damage, modulating immune cells and reducing inflammation (2017 Almeida Junior, L., et al.).
Pereda, M., et al. "Sterol-standardized phytopharmaceutical from ground cherry: Corticoid-like properties on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and its effects in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial." J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2018 Dec 30.
Sun, C., et al. "A novel withanolide with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from Physalis angulata." Org. Biomol Chem. 2017 Feb; 15(5): 1110-1114.
Sun, C., et al. "Unprecedented 22,26-seco physalins from Physalis angulata and their anti-inflammatory potential." Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017 Oct; 15(41): 8700-8704.
Sun, C., et al. "A novel withanolide with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from Physalis angulata." Org. Biomol Chem. 2017 Feb; 15(5): 1110-1114. (antioxidant)
Sun, C., et al. "Physalins V-IX, 16,24-cyclo-13,14-seco withanolides from Physalis angulata and their antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Sci. Rep. 2017 Jun; 7(1): 4057.
Sun, C., et al. "A new phenol glycoside from Physalis angulata." Nat. Prod. Res. 2017 May; 31(9): 1059-1065.
Sun, C., et al. "Antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory withanolides from Physalis angulata." J. Nat. Prod. 2016 Jun; 79(6): 1586-97.
Pinto, L., et at. "Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016 Apr; 79: 129-34.
Adewoye, E., et al. "Anti-oxidative and reno-restorative effects of Physalis angulata (whole plant extract) in alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats." Afr. J. Med Med Sci. 2016 May; 45(1): 99-108.
Yang, Y., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of physalin E from Physalis angulata on lipopolysaccharide- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through inhibition of NF-κB pathway." Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2017 Apr; 39(2): 74-79.
Almeida Junior, L., et al. "Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of ground cherry (Physalis angulata L.) standardized CO(2) phytopharmaceutical preparation." World J. Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun; 23 (24): 4369-4380.
da Silva, B., et al. "Physalis angulata induces in vitro differentiation of murine bone marrow cells into macrophages." BMC Cell. Biol. 2014 Oct; 15:37.
Castro, D., et al. "Physalin B inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the gut of Rhodnius prolixus by affecting the immune system and microbiota." J. Insect Physiol. 2012 Dec; 58(12): 1620-5.
Sun, L., et al. "Amelioration of systemic lupus erythematosus by Withangulatin A in MRL/LPR mice." J. Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep; 112(9): 2376-82.
Brustolim, D., et al. "Activity of physalin F in a collagen-induced arthritis model." J. Nat Prod. 2010 Aug; 73(8): 1323-6.
Yu, Y., et al. "Investigation of the immunosuppressive activity of Physalin H on T lymphocytes." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2010 Mar; 10(3): 290-7.
Brustolim, D., et al. "Activity of physalin F in a collagen-induced arthritis model." J. Nat. Prod. 2010 Aug; 73(8): 1323-6.
Pinto, N., et al. "Topical anti-inflammatory potential of Physalin E from Physalis angulata on experimental dermatitis in mice." Phytomedicine. 2010 Aug; 17(10): 740-3.
Sun, L., et al. "Anti-inflammatory function of Withangulatin A by targeted inhibiting COX-2 expression via MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways." J. Cell. Biochem. 2010 Feb; 109(3): 532-41.
Castro, D., et al. "Physalin B inhibits Rhodnius prolixus hemocyte phagocytosis and microaggregation by the activation of endogenous PAF-acetyl hydrolase activities." J. Insect Physiol. 2009 Jun; 55(6): 532-7.
Bastos, G., et al. "Physalis angulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats by inhibiting different pathways." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jul 23; 118(2): 246-51.
Castro, D., et al. "Immune depression in Rhodnius prolixus by seco-steroids, physalins." J. Insect Physiol. 2008 Mar; 54(3): 555-62.
Soares, M., et al. "Physalins B, F and G, seco-steroids purified from Physalis angulata L., inhibit lymphocyte function and allogeneic transplant rejection." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006; 6(3): 408-14.
Garcia, E., et all. "Trypanosoma rangeli: effects of physalin B on the immune reactions of the infected larvae of Rhodnius prolixus." Exp. Parasitol. 2006; 112(1): 37-43.
Choi, E., et al. "Effect of some medicinal plants on plasma antioxidant system and lipid levels in rats." Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(5): 382-6.
Vieira, A., et al. "Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of the natural secosteroids physalins in a model of intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion injury." Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005 Sep; 146(2): 244-51.
Soares, M., et al. "Inhibition of macrophage activation and lipopolysaccaride-induced death by seco-steroids purified from Physalis angulata L." Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003; 459(1): 107-12.
Choi, E. M., et al. "Investigations of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Piper cubeba, Physalis angulata and Rosa hybrida." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Nov; 89(1): 171-5.
Lin, Y., et al. "Immunomodulatory activity of various fractions derived from Physalis angulata L. extract." Amer. J. Chinese Med. 1992; 20(3/4): 233-43.
Shingu, K., et al. "Three new withanolides, physagulins E, F and G from Physalis angulata L." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992; 40(9): 2448-51.
Sakhibov, A., et al. "Immunosuppressive properties of vitasteroids." Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Uzb. SSR. 1990; 1:43-45.
Cox, P. A. "Pharmacological activity of the Samoan ethnopharmacopoeia." Econ. Bot. 1989; 43(4): 487-97.

Brazilian peppertree (Schinus molle)

Antibacterial Actions:
Brazilian peppertree has been documented in many studies with very strong antibacterial actions in small dosages, including against multi-drug resistant and biofilm strains of bacteria. It is also documented with good antifungal/anticandidal actions as well as moderate antiviral actions (see Tropical Plant Database for these studies). These actions are attributed to at least 8 different powerful plant chemicals present in the bark, leaves, fruit, and essential oil of the fruit. The bark has more antibacterial actions while the leaves have more antifungal actions and the fruit and essential oil of the fruit have both.
do Prado, A., et al. "Schinus molle essential oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds: antifungal and antibacterial properties." J. Appl. Microbiol. 2019 Feb; 126(2): 516-522.
Mummed, B., et al. "In vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants in the traditional treatment of skin and wound infections in eastern Ethiopia." Biomed. Res. Int. 2018 Jul; 2018: 1862401.
Salem, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of extracted bioactive molecules of Schinus terebinthifolius ripened fruits against some pathogenic bacteria." Microb. Pathog. 2018 Jul; 120: 119-127.
Ennigrou, A., et al. "Assessing the fatty acid, essential oil composition, their radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves and twigs." J. Food Sci.Technol. 2018 Apr; 55(4): 1582-1590.
da Silva, J., et al. "Anti-Escherichia coli activity of extracts from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits and leaves." Nat. Prod. Res. 2018 Jun; 32(11): 1365-1368.
Cairo, P., et al. "Effects of dietary supplementation of red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil on performance, small intestinal morphology and microbial counts of weanling pigs." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018 Jan; 98(2): 541-548.
Pellegrini, M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity, and mode of action of essential oils against Paenibacillus larvae, etiological agent of american foulbrood on Apis mellifera." Chem. Biodivers. 2017 Apr; 14(4).
Elshafie, H., et al. "An in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from Mediterranean plants of genus Schinus." J. Med. Food. 2016 Mar; 19(3): 266-73.
D'Sousa' Costa, C., et al. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil." Pharmacogn. Mag. 2015 Jul-Sep; 11(43): 607-14.
Cole, E., et al. "Chemical composition of essential oil from ripe fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and evaluation of its activity against wild strains of hospital origin." Braz. J. Microbiol. 2014 Oct; 45(3): 821-8.
Melo, M., et al. "Alcohol extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) as a local antimicrobial agent in severe autogenously fecal peritonitis in rats." Acta Cir. Bras. 2014; 29 Suppl 1: 52-6.
Vieira, D., et al. "Plant species used in dental diseases: ethnopharmacology aspects and antimicrobial activity evaluation." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Sep; 155(3): 1441-9.
Barbieri, D., et al. "Antiadherent activity of Schinus terebinthifolius and Croton urucurana extracts on in vitro biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans." Arch. Oral Biol. 2014 Sep; 59(9): 887-96.
Martins, R., et al. "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 151(1): 485-92.
Freires Ide, A., et al. "A randomized clinical trial of Schinus terebinthifolius mouthwash to treat biofilm-induced gingivitis." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 873907.
Guerra-Boone L., et al. "Chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from Magnolia grandiflora, Chrysactinia mexicana, and Schinus molle found in northeast Mexico." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013 Jan; 8(1): 135-8.
Alves L., et al. "Effect of Schinus terebinthifolius on Candida albicans growth kinetics, cell wall formation and micromorphology." Acta Odontol. Scand. 2013 May-Jul; 71(3-4): 965-71.
Gomes, F., et al. "Antimicrobial lectin from Schinus terebinthifolius leaf." J. Appl. Microbiol. 2013 Mar; 114(3): 672-9.
Rocha, P., et al. "Synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil of aguaribay (Schinus molle L.)." Molecules. 2012 Oct; 17(10): 12023-36.
Montanari, R., et al. "Exposure to Anacardiaceae volatile oils and their constituents induces lipid peroxidation within food-borne bacteria cells." Molecules. 2012 Aug; 17(8): 9728-40.
Moura-Costa, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of plants used as medicinals on an indigenous reserve in Rio das Cobras, Paraná, Brazil." J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Sep 28; 143(2): 631-8.
Leite, S., et al. "Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the vaginal use of metronidazole with a Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus) extract for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis." Braz. J. Med. Biol Res. 2011 Mar; 44(3): 245-52
Pereira, E., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry." Planta Med. 2011 Mar; 77(4): 401-4.
Salazar-Aranda, R., et al. "Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of plants from Northeast of Mexico" Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011; 2011: 536139.
El-Massry, K., et al. "Chemical compositions and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of various samples prepared from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves cultivated in Egypt." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009 Jun; 57(12): 5265-70.
Hayouni el, A., et al. "Tunisian Salvia officinalis L. and Schinus molle L. essential oils: their chemical compositions and their preservative effects against Salmonella inoculated in minced beef meat." Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008 Jul; 125(3): 242-51.
Molina-Salinas, G., et al. "Evaluation of the flora of Northern Mexico for in vitro antimicrobial and antituberculosis activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Aug 23;
de Lima, M. R., et al. "Anti-bacterial activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr; 105(1-2): 137-47.
de Carvalho, M. C. "Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)." Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2003; 42(3): 185-91.
de Melo, Jr., E. J., et al. "Medicinal plants in the healing of dry socket in rats: Microbiological and microscopic analysis." Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(2): 109-16.
Camano, R. "Essential oil composition with bactericide activity." United States patent 5,635,184; June 3, 1997.
Camano, R. "Method for treating bacterial infections." United States patent 5,512,284; April 30, 1996.
Martinez, M. J., et al. "Screening of some Cuban medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(3): 171-74.
Gundidza, M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Schinus molle Linn." Central African J. Med. 1993; 39(11): 231-34.
El-Keltawi, N., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants." Herba Pol. 1980; 26(4): 245-50.
Ross, S., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants." Fitoterapia. 1980; 51: 201-5.
Anti-inflammatory & Cellular Protective Antioxidant Actions:
In several studies Brazilian peppertree protected cells and/or organs from oxidative damage when chemicals known to cause oxidative damage were administered to lab animals. Brazlian peppertree’s anti-inflammatory actions have been documented in other animal studies and achieved through modulation of immune cells and processes which cause inflammation.
Scheid, T., et al. "Effects of methanol fraction from leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi on nociception and spinal-cord oxidative biomarkers in rats with neuropathic pain." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2018 May; 2018: 5783412.
Rocha, P., et al. "Antioxidant and protective effects of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi against doxorubicin-induced toxicity." Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2018 Mar; 184(3): 869-884.
Estevão, L., et al. "Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice." Acta Cir. Bras. 2017 Sep; 32(9): 726-735.
Nunes-Neto, P., et al. "The effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) bark extract on histamine- induced paw edema and ileum smooth muscle contraction." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2017; 2017: 1416375.
Taylor, A., et al. "Assessment of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects of the dichloromethanol extract of Schinus molle." Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol Sci. 2016; 20(2): 372-80.
Rosas, E., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi hydroalcoholic extract on neutrophil migration in zymosan-induced arthritis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec; 175: 490-8.
Abdou, R., et al. "Toxicological and biochemical studies on Schinus terebinthifolius concerning its curative and hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury." Pharmacogn. Mag. 2015 May; 11(Suppl 1): S93-S101.
D'Sousa' Costa, C., et al. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2015 Jul-Sep; 11(43): 607-14.
Martins Mdo, R., et al. "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 151(1): 485-92.
Cavalher-Machado, S., et al. "The anti-allergic activity of the acetate fraction of Schinus terebinthifolius leaves in IgE induced mice paw edema and pleurisy." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008; 8(11): 1552-60.
Coutinho, I., et al. "Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and it's influence in the healing process of colonic anastomosis: experimental study in rats." Acta Cir. Bras. 2006; 21 Suppl 3: 49-54.
Marzouk, M., et al. "Antioxidant flavonol glycosides from Schinus molle." Phytother. Res. 2006; 20(3): 200-5.
Yueqin, Z., et al. "Isolation of two triterpenoids and a biflavanone with anti-inflammatory activity from Schinus molle fruits." Planta Med. 2003; 69(10): 893-8.
Bello, R., et al. "In vitro pharmacological evaluation of the dichloromethanol extract from Schinus molle L." Phytother. Res. 1998; 12(7): 523-25.
Jain, M., et al. "Specific competitive inhibitor of secreted phospholipase A2 from berries of Schinus terebinthifolius." Phytochemistry 1995; 39(3): 537-47.
Okuyama, T., et al. "Studies on cancer bio-chemoprevention of natural resources. X. Inhibitory effect of spices on TPA-enhanced 3H-choline incorporation in phospholipid of C3H10T cells and on TPA-induced ear edema." Zhonghua Yao Xue Zazhi 1995; 47(5): 421-30.
Carneiro, W., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and wound healing action of Schinus aroeira Vell in patients with cervicitis and cervico-vaginitis." Rev. Inst. Antibiot. 1974; 14(1-2): 105-6.

Anamu (Petiveria alliacea)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Anamu has demonstrated strong antibacterial actions in various studies, including against bacteria protected by biofilm.
Flota-Burgos, G., et al. "Anthelminthic activity of methanol extracts of Diospyros anisandra and Petiveria alliacea on Cyathostomin (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) larval development and egg hatching" Vet Parasitol. 2017 Dec; 248: 74-79.
Zavala Ocampo, L., et al. "Antiamoebic activity of Petiveria alliacea leaves and their main component, isoarborinol." J. Micriol. Biotechnol. 2017 Aug; 27(8): 1401-1408.
Arceo-Medina, G., et al. "Synergistic action of fatty acids, sulphides and stilbene against acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet. Parasitol. 2016 Sep; 228: 121-125.
Kasper, S., et al. "Chemical inhibition of kynureninase reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing and virulence factor expression. ACS Chem. Biol. 2016 Apr; 11(4): 1106-17.
Lowe, H., et al. "Inhibition of the Human Hepatitis C virus by dibenzyl trisulfide from Petiveria alliacea L (Guinea Hen Weed)." Br. Microbio. Res. J. 2016; 12(1): 1-6.
Lowe, H., et al. "Petiveria alliacea L (guinea hen weed) and its major metabolite dibenzyl trisulfide demonstrate HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity." Euro. J. Med. Plants 2015; 5(1): 88-94.
Kerdudo, A., et al. "Essential oil composition and biological activities of Petiveria alliacea L. from Martinique." J. Essential Oil Res. 2015 Feb; 27: 186-196.
Illnait-Zaragozí1, M., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of crude hydro-alcoholic extract of Petiveria alliacea L on clinical Candida isolates." Clin. Microbial. 2014 Jul; 3(4)
Kasper, S., et al. "S-aryl-L-cysteine sulphoxides and related organosulphur compounds alter oral biofilm development and AI-2-based cell-cell communication." J. Appl. Microbiol. 2014 Nov; 117(5): 1472-86.
Romero, O. “[Contribution to the standardization of the process of obtaining an extract of leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (Anamú) on a laboratory scale].” (Thesis) 2014. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultadde Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia. Bogotá, Colombia.
Garrido, B., et al. “[Pharmacognostic characters for quality control of Petiveria alliacea, Lippia graveolens and Tagetes lucida].” Dominguezia. 2013; 29(2): 25-39.
Ochoa, A., et al. "Physical, physical-chemical and chemical characterization of total extracts of fresh leaves from Petiveria alliacea L. with antimicrobial action." Rev. Mex. Cienc. Farm. 2013; 44(1): 52-59.
Pacheco, A., et al. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of total extracts of the leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (Anamu)." Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013 Apr/Jun; 49(2): 241-250.
Neves, A., et al. "Acaricidal activity and essential oil composition of Petiveria alliacea L. from Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil)." J. Essential Oil Res. 2011; 1(1).
Mulyani, Y., et al. “Petiveria alliacea: New alternative for the treatment of sensitive and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” J. Pharmacog. Phytother. 2012 Dec; 4(7): 91-95.
Illnait, M., et al. “[Antifungal effect of an extract of Petiveria alliacea L].” Rev. CENIC Sci. Bio.. 2010; 41 (1): 79-82.
Guedes, R., et al. “[Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Petiveria alliacea (guinea) against standard strains of fungi].” Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 2009; 28(4): 520-4.
Guedes, R., et al. "[Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of Petiveria alliacea L.]." Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 2009; 28(4): 520-4.
Illnait, M., et al. “Evaluation of the antimycotic effect of Petiveria alliacea L.” Poster Presentations. Mycoses 2009; 52 (S1): 29-123.
Marín, J., et al. “[Technological study of the extract of the leaves of the Petiveria alliacea L].” Rev. CENIC Sci. Chem. 2008; 39 (3): 141-145.
Ochoa, A., et al. “[Study of physical and qualitative chemical stability of the optimized extract of the leaves of Petiveria alliaceaca L.].” Rev. Cuba. Chem. 2008; 20 (1): 3-8.
Mujawimana, R., et al. "[Antimicrobial evaluation of total extracts of the leaves of Petiveria alliacea L. (anamú)]." [Thesis] Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 2008: 1-45.
Ferrer, J., et al. “Main ethnomedical references of anamú (Petiveria alliacea Linn) and active ingredients found in the plant.” Rev. Sci. Bio. 2007; 38(1)
Kim, S., et al. "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar; 104(1-2): 188-92.
Mushah, R., et al. "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L." Phosp. Sulfur. Sil. 2005; 180: 1455-1456.
Kubec, R., et al. "The lachrymatory principle of Petiveria alliacea." Phytochemistry. 2003 May; 63(1): 37-40.
Martínez Pilar, M., et al. “[Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and microbiological study of Petiveria alliaceae Lin 1998].” Gaceta Médica Espirituana 2003; 5 (1).
Ruffa, M., et al. "Antiviral activity of Petiveria alliacea against the bovine diarrhea virus." Chemotherapy. 2002; 48(3): 144-47.
Pérez, D. “[Medicinal ethnobotany and biocides for malaria in the Ucayali Region]." FoliaAmazónica. 2002; 13 (1-2): 87-108.
Benevides, P., et al. "Antifungal polysulphides from Petiveria alliacea L." Phytochemistry. 2001; 57(5): 743-7.
Echeverria, A., et al. “[Effect of an extract of Petiveria alliacea Linn on the growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro].” Rev. Cuba Med. Mil. 2001; 303: 161-5.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Oct; 62(3): 195-202.
Berger, I., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep; 62(2): 107-15.
Melis R., et al. "[Pharmacological and toxicological characterization of Petiveria alliacea (anamú) and evaluation of antimicrobial activity]." Rev. Cuba. Farm. 1994; 28 (1): 55-9.
Hoyos, L., et al. "Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of a folk medicine, Petiveria alliaceae (Anamu)." Mutat. Res. 1992; 280(1): 29-34.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. I. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Misas, C., et al. "The biological assessment of Cuban plants. III." Rev. Cub. Med. Trop. 1979; 31(1): 21-27.
Von Szczepanski, C., et al. "Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of an antimicrobial substance from Petiveria alliacea." Arzneim-Forsch. 1972; 22: 1975-.
Feng, P., et al. "Further pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1964; 16: 115.
Immunomodulating, Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant Actions:
One of anamu's main active chemicals, Dibenzyl trisulphide, has been reported to have a cytokine switching mechanism in which it down regulates cytokines from the Type I helper cells (Th -1 cell) pathway which contains several pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulates those on the Type 2 helper cells (Th-2) pathway. Basically this means it increases the actions of the immune cells which are responsible for tracking down and removing foreign cells like bacteria and cancer, while it suppresses other anti-inflammatory immune cells which cause inflammation.
Ayodele, A., et al. “Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of dry and fresh leaves of Petivera alliacea and Ocimum gratissimum.” Int. J. Sci. Basic App. Res. 2015; 24(3): 1-13.
Hernandez, M., et al. “[Evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Annona muricata L. (guanabana), Calotropis gigantea L. (algodon de seda) and Petiveria alliacea L. (anamú) in the Sabanalarga (Atlántico) municipality].” (Thesis) 2014. Universidad del Atlántico, Programa de Farmacia. Atlántico- Colombia.
Santander, S., et al. "Immunomodulatory effects of aqueous and organic fractions from Petiveria alliacea on human dendritic cells." Am J Chin Med. 2012; 40(4): 833-44
Williams, L. "Life's immunity as a normal distribution function: philosophies for the use of dibenzyl trisulphide in immunity enhancement and life extension." West Indian Med J. 2010 Oct; 59(5): 455.
Santander, S., et al. "[Influence of the treatment of Petiveria alliacea in the differential expression of genes in tumor cells]." Univ. Med. Bogota (Colombia). 2009 Jul-Sep; 50 (3): 284-296.
Okada, Y., et al. "Antioxidant activity of the new thiosulfinate derivative, S-benzyl phenylmethanethiosulfinate, from Petiveria alliacea L." Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008 Mar 21; 6(6): 1097-102.
Lemus, Z., et al. “[The anamú tablet: an immunostimulant herbal medicine].” Medisan. 2004; 8 (3): 57-64.
Queiroz, M., et al. "Cytokine profile and natural killer cell activity in Listeria monocytogenes infected mice treated orally with Petiveria alliacea extract. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2000 Aug; 22(3): 501-18.
Quadros, M., et al. "Petiveria alliacea L. extract protects mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection--effects on bone marrow progenitor cells." Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 1999 Feb; 21(1): 109-24.
Williams, L., et al. "Immunomodulatory activities of Petiveria alliaceae L." Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(3): 251253.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. "Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) of Medicinal plants used in southwest Amazonia (Bolivia and Peru)." Int. J. Pharmacognosy. 1997; 35(4): 288-296.
Rossi, V., "Effects of Petiveria alliacea L. on cell immunity." Pharmacol. Res. 1993; 27(1): 111-12.
Marini, S., "Effects of Petiveria alliacea L. on cytokine production and natural killer cell activity." Pharmacol. Res. 1993; 27(1): 107-08.
Rosa, M., et al. "Petiveria alliacea suppresses airway inflammation and allergen-specific Th2 responses in ovalbumin-sensitized murine model of asthma." Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2018 Dec; 24(12): 912-919.
Gutierrez, R., et al. "Anti-inflammatory potential of Petiveria alliacea on activated raw264.7 murine macrophages." Pharmacogn Mag. 2017 Jul; 13(Suppl 2): S174-S178.
Laslett, L., et al. "Efficacy and safety of plant-derived products for the treatment of osteoarthritis." Botanics: Targets and Therapy 2015 Dec; 5: 1–20
Zaa C., et al. "[Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Petiveria alliacea].” Rev. Peru Biol. 2012; 19 (3): 329-334.
de Morais Lima, G., et al. "Database survey of anti-inflammatory plants in South America: a review" Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011; 12(4): 2692-2749.
Gomes, P., et al. "Study of antinociceptive effect of isolated fractions from Petiveria alliacea L. (tipi) in mice." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 28(1): 42-6.
Lopes-Martins, R., et al. "The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a crude extract of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae)." Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(3): 245-48.
Dunstan, C., et al. "Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Jun; 57(1): 35-56.
Germano, D., et al. "Pharmacological assay of Petiveria alliaceae. Oral anti-inflammatory activity and gastrotoxicity of a hydro alcoholic root extract." Fitoterapia. 1993; 64(5): 459-467
Germano, D., et al. "Topical anti-inflammatory activity and toxicity of Petiveria alliaceae." Fitoterapia. 1993; 64(5): 459-67.
de Lima, T., et al. "Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Petiveria alliacea (Guine) in animals." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1991; 86 Suppl 2: 153-58.
Di Stasi, L., et al. "Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Saõ Paulo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 24(2/3): 205-11.

Clavillia (Mirabilis jalapa)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Clavilla has demonstrated strong antibacterial actions and anti-viral actions against numerous species of bacteria, including mycoplasmas, biofilm bacteria, and multidrug resistant bacterial strains.
Singh, S., et al. "Boeravinone B, a novel dual inhibitor of nora bacterial efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus and human p-glycoprotein, reduces the biofilm formation and intracellular invasion of bacteria." Front. Microbiol. 2017 Oct; 8: 1868.
Gogoi, J., et al. "Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from Mirabilis jalapa L. radix." J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2015 Jan; 6(1): 41-7.
Michalet, S., "N-caffeoylphenalkylamide derivatives as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007 Mar; 17(6): 1755-8.
Bolognesi, A. et al. "Ribosome-inactivating and adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activities in Mirabilis jalapa L. tissues." J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277(16) 13709-16.
Yang, S. W., et al. "Three new phenolic compounds from a manipulated plant cell culture, Mirabilis jalapa." J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(3): 313-17.
Vivanco, J. M., et al. "Characterization of two novel type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the storage roots of the Andean crop Mirabilis expansa." Plant Physiol. 1999; 119(4): 1447-56.
Dimayuga, R. E., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants from Baja California Sur (Mexico)." Pharmaceutical Biol. 1998; 36(1): 33-43.
De Bolle, M. F., et al. "Antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa and Amarantus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco." Plant Mol. Biol. 1996; 31(5): 993-1008.
Kataoka, J., et al. "Adenine depurination and inactivation of plant ribosomes by an antiviral protein of Mirabilis jalapa (MAP)." Plant Mol. Biol. 1992; 20(6): 111-19.
Wong, R. N., et al. "Characterization of Mirabilis antiviral protein—a ribosome inactivating protein from Mirabilis jalapa L." Biochem. Int. 1992; 28(4): 585-93.
Cammue, B. P., et al. "Isolation and characterization of a novel class of plant antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa L. seeds." J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267(4): 2228-33.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnophamacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Kusamba, C., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa seed powder." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 35(2): 197-99.
Caceres, A., et al. "Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 20(3): 223-37.
Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
Clavillia has protected various organs and cells against oxidative damage and has demonstrated good anti-inflammatory actions in various animals studies.
Biradar, S., et al. "Chebulinic acid and Boeravinone B act as anti-aging and anti-apoptosis phyto- molecules during oxidative stress." Mitochondrion. 2018 Jul 17. pii: S1567-7249 (18) 30004-7.
Rathor, L., et al. "Age-induced diminution of free radicals by Boeravinone B in Caenorhabditis elegans." Exp. Gerontol. 2018 Oct; 111: 94-106.
Ranjbar, M., et al. "Virtual dual inhibition of COX-2 / 5-LOX enzymes based on binding properties of alpha-amyrins, the anti-inflammatory compound as a promising anti-cancer drug." EXCLI J." 2016 Mar; 15: 238-45.
Gogoi, J., et al. "Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from Mirabilis jalapa L. radix." J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2015 Jan; 6(1): 41-7.
Zhou, J., et al. "Experimental diabetes treated with trigonelline: effect on β cell and pancreatic oxidative parameters." Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2013 Jun; 27(3): 279-87.
Ghule, A., et al. "Trigonelline ameliorates diabetic hypertensive nephropathy by suppression of oxidative stress in kidney and reduction in renal cell apoptosis and fibrosis in streptozotocin induced neonatal diabetic (nSTZ) rats." Int .Immunopharmacol. 2012 Dec; 14(4): 740-8.
Singh, M., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. leaves." Pharmacognosy Res. 2010 Nov; 2(6): 364-7.
Medeiros, R., et al. "Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory actions of the pentacyclic triterpene alpha-amyrin in the mouse skin inflammation induced by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate." Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007 Mar; 559(2-3): 227-35.
Dhar, M. L., et al. "Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part I." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968; 6: 232-47.

Picão Preto (Bidens pilosa)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Picão preto has been the subject of recent interest for its strong antimicrobial actions against numerous species of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Some of this research was funded through a new herbal product using picao preto and another plant as a new mouthwash product capable of killing bacterial strains known to cause cavities and gum infections and to treat oral mucositis. Thus far, seven different plant chemicals in the plant have been documented with strong antibacterial actions in small dosages, including against multidrug resistant and biofilm strains. See the Tropical Plant Database for more studies establishing the antiviral and antifungal actions of this powerful rainforest plant.
Santos Filho, E., et al. "Randomized clinical trial of a mucoadhesive formulation containing curcuminoids (Zingiberaceae) and Bidens pilosa Linn (Asteraceae) extract (FITOPROT) for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis - phase I study." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2018 Aug 1; 291: 228-236.
Shandukani, P., et al. "Antibacterial activity and in situ efficacy of Bidens pilosa Linn and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn extracts against common diarrhoea-causing waterborne bacteria." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018 Jun; 18(1):171.
Singh, G., et al. "Pharmacological potential of Bidens pilosa L. and determination of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-QqQ(LIT)-MS/MS and GC/MS." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017 Nov 16; 17(1): 492.
Chung, C., et al. "Data on the effect of Cytopiloyne against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice." Data Brief. 2016 Mar 17; 7: 995-998.
Kouitcheu Mabeku, L., et al. "In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter activities of Eryngium foetidum (Apiaceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), and Galinsoga ciliata (Asteraceae) against Helicobacter pylori." Biomed. Res. Int. 2016; 2016: 2171032.
Njume, C., et al. "Studies on bioactivity and secondary metabolites of crude extracts of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): A medicinal plant used in the Transkei region of South Africa." Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016 May; 29(3): 877-85.
Chang, C., et al. "Beneficial effect of bidens pilosa on body weight gain, food conversion ratio, gut bacteria and coccidiosis in chickens." PLoS One. 2016 Jan; 11(1): e0146141.
Nguta, J., et al. "Medicinal plants used to treat TB in Ghana." Int. J. Mycobacteriol. 2015 Jun; 4(2): 116-23.
Brandelli, C., et al. "Medicinal plants used by a Mbyá-Guarani tribe against infections: activity on KPC-Producing isolates and biofilm-forming bacteria." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2015 Nov; 10(11): 1847-52.
Ocheng, F., et al. "Essential oils from Ugandan aromatic medicinal plants: chemical composition and growth inhibitory effects on oral pathogens. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015; 2015:230832. 
Silva, J., et al. "In vitro screening antibacterial activity of Bidens pilosa Linné and Annona crassiflora Mart. against oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) from the aerial environment at the dental clinic." Rev. Inst. Med. Trop.. 2014 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 333-40.
Chavasco, J., et al. "Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of plant extracts from southern Minas Gerais cerrado." Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2014 Jan-Feb; 56(1): 13-20.
Liu, J., et al. "Effect of floral sources on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honeys in Taiwan." Food Chem. 2013 Aug; 139(1-4): 938-43.
Adedapo, A., et al. "Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa and Chenopodium album." Acta Pol Pharm. 2011 Jan-Feb; 68(1): 83-92.
Tobinaga, S., et al. "Isolation and identification of a potent antimalarial and antibacterial polyacetylene from Bidens pilosa." Planta Med. 2009 May; 75(6): 624-8.
Rojas, J., et al. "Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006 Feb; 6(1): 2.
Khan, M., et al. "Anti-microbial activity of Bidens pilosa, Bischofia javanica, Elmerillia papuana and Sigesbekia orientalis." Fitoterapia. 2001; 72(6): 662-65.
Chariandy, C., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants from Trinidad and Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 64(3): 265-70.
Rabe, T. "Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 56(1): 81-7.
van Puyvelde, L., et al. "In vitro inhibition of mycobacteria by Rwandese medicinal plants." Phytother. Res. 1994; 8(2): 65-9.
Desta, B. "Ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. Part II: Antimicrobial activity of 63 medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 129-39.
Sarg, T., et al. "Constituents and biological activity of Bidens pilosa l grown in Egypt." Acta. Pharm. Hung. 1991; 61(6): 317-23.
Geissberger, P., et al. "Constituents of Bidens pilosa L.: do the components found so far explain the use of this plant in traditional medicine?" Acta Trop. 1991; 48(4): 251-61.
Boily, Y., et al. "Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (central Africa) for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986; 16(1): 1-13.
Bondarenko, A., et al. "The antimicrobial properties of the polyacetylene antibiotic phenylheptatriyne." Mikrobiol. Zh. 1985; 47(2): 81-3.
Arnason, T., et al. "Photosensitization of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by phenylheptatriyne from Bidens pilosa." Can. J. Microbiol. 1980; 26(6): 698-705.
Immunomodulator, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
Picão preto has demonstrated in many different studies to provide strong antioxidant actions. It also is reported to modulate the immune system in specific ways to reduce inflammation. In other animal studies, picão preto has protected cells and organs from oxidative stress.
Pegoraro, C., et al. "Protective effects of Bidens pilosa on hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats." Drug. Chem. Toxicol. 2018 Nov 5: 1-11.
Dos Santos Filho, E., et al. "Chemopreventive effects of FITOPROT against 5-fluorouracil- induced toxicity in HaCaT cells." Life Sci. 2018 Jan; 193: 300-308.
Singh, G., et al. "Pharmacological potential of Bidens pilosa L. and determination of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-QqQ(LIT)-MS/MS and GC/MS." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017 Nov 16; 17(1): 492.
Bilanda, D., et al. "Bidens pilosa ethylene acetate extract can protect against L-NAME-induced hypertension on rats." BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Oct; 17(1): 479.
Goudoum, A., et al. "Antioxidant activities of essential oil of Bidens pilosa (Linn. Var. Radita) used for the preservation of food qualities in North Cameroon. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016 Jan; 4(5): 671-8.
Ocheng, F., et al. "In vitro cytotoxicity and effects on IL-1β-Induced proinflammatory mediators by human gingival fibroblasts." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat.Med. 2016; 2016: 5357689.
Fei, W., "[Protective effect of total flavones of Bidens pilosa L. on IgA1 induced injury of HUVECs in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura children patients]." Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2016 Feb; 36(2): 183-7. Chinese.
Chung, C., et al. "Cytopiloyne, a polyacetylenic glucoside from Bidens pilosa, acts as a novel anticandidal agent via regulation of macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 May; 184:72-80.
Bastos, C., et al. "Use of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) to treat intestinal mucositis in mice: Toxico-pharmacological evaluations." Toxicol. Rep. 2015 Oct; 3: 279-287.
Shen, A., et al. "Total flavonoids of Bidens bipinnata L. ameliorate experimental adjuvant- induced arthritis through induction of synovial apoptosis." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015 Dec; 15(1): 437.
de Ávila, P., et al. "Mucoadhesive formulation of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) reduces intestinal injury from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice." Toxicol Rep. 2015 Mar; 2: 563-573.
Fotso, A., et al. "Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae)." Inflammopharmacology. 2014 Apr; 22(2): 105-14.
Wu, J., et al. "Investigation of the extracts from Bidens pilosa Linn. var. radiata Sch. Bip. for antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity against human tumor cells." J. Nat. Med. 2013 Jan; 67(1): 17-26.
Liu, J., et al. "Effect of floral sources on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honeys in Taiwan." Food Chem. 2013 Aug; 139(1-4): 938-43.
Chipurura, B., et al. "Wild leafy vegetables consumed in Buhera District of Zimbabwe and their phenolic compounds content." Ecol Food Nutr. 2013; 52(2): 178-89.
Lee, W., et al. "Extraction of antioxidant components from Bidens pilosa flowers and their uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 cells." Molecules. 2013 Jan; 18(2): 1582-601.
Kviecinski, M., et al. "Brazilian Bidens pilosa Linné yields fraction containing quercetin-derived flavonoid with free radical scavenger activity and hepatoprotective effects." Libyan J Med. 2011 Jan 18; 6.
Adedapo, A., et al. "Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa and Chenopodium album." Acta Pol. Pharm. 2011 Jan-Feb; 68(1): 83-92.
Kviecinski, M., et al. "Brazilian Bidens pilosa Linné yields fraction containing quercetin-derived flavonoid with free radical scavenger activity and hepatoprotective effects." Libyan J. Med. 2011 Jan 18;6.
Suzigan, M., et al. "An acqueous extract of Bidens pilosa L. protects liver from cholestatic disease: experimental study in young rats." Acta Cir Bras. 2009 Sep-Oct; 24(5): 347-52.
Yuan, L., et al. "Protective effects of total flavonoids of Bidens pilosa L. (TFB) on animal liver injury and liver fibrosis." J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Mar 28; 116(3): 539-46.
Chang, S., et al. "Flavonoids, centaurein and centaureidin, from Bidens pilosa, stimulate IFN-gamma expression." J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jun 13; 112(2): 232-6.
Chiang, Y., et al. "Cytopiloyne, a novel polyacetylenic glucoside from Bidens pilosa, functions as a T helper cell modulator." J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr 4; 110(3): 532-8.
Yoshida, N., et al. "Bidens pilosa suppresses interleukin-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases phosphorylation in normal human dermal fibroblasts." J. Dermatol. 2006; 33(10): 676-83.
Yang, H. L., et al. "Protection from oxidative damage using Bidens pilosa extracts in normal human erythrocytes." Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006 Sep; 44(9): 1513-21.
Chang, C. L., et al. "The distinct effects of a butanol fraction of Bidens pilosa plant extract on the development of Th1-mediated diabetes and Th2-mediated air way inflammation in mice." J. Biomed. Sci. 2005; 12(1): 79-89.
Chiang, Y. M., et al. "Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin." Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005 Oct; 146(3): 352-63.
Abajo, C., et al. "In vitro study of the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous infusion of Bidens pilosa." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Aug; 93(2-3): 319-23.
Chang, S. L., et al. "Polyacetylenic compounds and butanol fraction from Bidens pilosa can modulate the differentiation of helper T cells and prevent autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice." Planta Med. 2004; 70(11):1045-51.
Chiang, Y. M., et al. "Metabolite profiling and chemopreventive bioactivity of plant extracts from Bidens pilosa." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec; 95(2-3): 409-19.
Usami, E., et al. "Assessment of antioxidant activity of natural compound by water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant factor" Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004; 124(11): 847-50.
Pereira, R. L., et al. "Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene isolated from Bidens pilosa L." Immunopharmacology. 1999; 43(1): 31-7.
Chin, H. W., et al. "The hepatoprotective effects of Taiwan folk medicine ‘ham-hong-chho’ in rats." Am. J. Chin. Med. 1996; 24(3-4): 231-40.
Jager, A. K., et al. "Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors" J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 52(2): 95-100.
Chih, H. W., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of Taiwan folk medicine ‘ham-hong-chho’ in rats." Am. J. Chin. Med. 1995; 23(3-4): 273-78.

Macela (Achyrocline satureoides) (Synonym: Egletes viscosa)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Macela has exhibited a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro and in animals studies against intestinal pathogenic bacteria that was greater than those observed by the antibiotic, amoxicillin against numerous strains of bacteria. Macela has shown to have antiviral and antifungal activities as well. These antimicrobial actions were mainly attributed to macela’s flavonoids. One chemical in macela, achyrofuran, was effective against 10 strains of bacteria in dosages as low as 0.07 mcg/ml.
Moresco, K., et al. "Effects of Achyrocline satureioides inflorescence extracts against pathogenic intestinal bacteria: chemical characterization, in vitro tests, and in vivo evaluation." Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 2017 Sep; 2017: 4874865.
Adnani, N., et al. "Symbiosis-inspired approaches to antibiotic discovery." Nat. Prod. Rep. 2017; 34: 784-814.
Souza, C., et al. "Achyrocline satureioides essential oil loaded in nanocapsules ameliorate the antioxidant/oxidant status in heart of rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi." Microb. Pathog. 2017 Apr; 105: 30-36.
Ritter, C., et al. "Achyrocline satureioides essential oil-loaded in nanocapsules reduces cytotoxic damage in liver of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi." Microb. Pathog. 2017 Feb; 103: 149-154.
da Silva, L., et al. "Hydroalcoholic extract from inflorescences of Achyrocline satureioides (Compositae) ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice by attenuation in the production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative mediators. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med. 2016; 2016: 3475356.
Salgueiro, A., et al. "In vitro and in silico antioxidant and toxicological activities of Achyrocline satureioides." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Dec 24; 194: 6-14.
Zorzi, G., et al. "Antioxidant effect of nanoemulsions containing extract of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C.-Asteraceae. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016 Aug; 17(4): 844-50.
González, M., et al. "Purification of substances from Achyrocline satureioides with inhibitory activity against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood in honeybees' larvae." (fatal bacterial disease of honeybees) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2015 Apr; 175(7): 3349-59.
Casero, C., et al. "Structure and antimicrobial activity of phloroglucinol derivatives from Achyrocline satureioides." J. Nat. Prod. 2015 Jan; 78(1): 93-102.
Casero, C., et al. "Achyrofuran is an antibacterial agent capable of killing methicillin-resistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in the nanomolar range." Phytomedicine. 2013 Jan; 20(2): 133-8.
Joray, M., et al. "Understanding the interactions between metabolites isolated from Achyrocline satureioides in relation to its antibacterial activity." Phytomedicine. 2013 Feb; 20(3-4): 258-61.
Sabaté, D., et al. "Synergistic effect of surfactin from Bacillus subtilis C4 and Achyrocline
satureioides extracts on the viability of Paenibacillus larvae." World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012 Apr; 28(4): 1415-22.
Joray, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of extracts from plants of central Argentina--isolation of an active principle from Achyrocline satureioides." Planta Med. 2011 Jan; 77(1): 95-100.
Gonzales, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of water extracts and essential oils of various aromatic plants against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood." J. Invertebr Pathol. 2010 Jul; 104(3): 209-13.
Vogt, V., et al. "Fungitoxic effects of Achyrocline satureioides (marcela) on plant pathogens." IDECEFYN vol 21 January-April 2010; 109-112
Bueno-Sánchez J., et al. "Anti-tubercular activity of eleven aromatic and medicinal plants occurring in Colombia." Biomedica. 2009 Mar; 29(1): 51-60.
Blasina, M., et al. "Differentiation induced by Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) infusion in PC12 cells." Phytother Res. 2009 Sep; 23(9): 1263-9.
Brandelli, C., et al. "Indigenous traditional medicine: in vitro anti-giardial activity of plants used in the treatment of diarrhea." Parasitol Res. 2009 Jun; 104(6): 1345-9.
Calvo, D., et al. "Achyrocline satureioides (LAM.) DC (Marcela): antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus spp. and immunomodulating effects on human lymphocytes." Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol. 2006 Jul-Dec; 48(3-4): 247-55.
Bettega, J. M., et al. "Evaluation of the antiherpetic activity of standardized extracts of Achyrocline satureioides." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(10): 819-23.
Zanon, S. M., et al. "Search for antiviral activity of certain medicinal plants from Cordoba, Argentina." Rev. Latinoamer. Microbiol. 1999; 41(2): 59-62.
Abdel-Malek, S., et al. "Drug leads from the Kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia. 1. Background, rationale, protocol and anti-HIV activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50: 157-22.
Anesini, C., et al. "Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 119-28.
Vargas, V., et al. "Genotoxicity of plant extracts." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86(11): 67-70.
Vargas, V., et al. "Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in prokaryotic organisms." Mutat. Res. 1990; 240(1): 13-18.
Anti-inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Actions:
 At least 5 other chemicals are attributed to Macela’s anti-inflammatory actions which works by modulating immune chemicals responsible for creating inflammation and by cellular protective actions preventing oxidative damage caused by inflammation. Macela is also a strong cellular protective antioxidant which has demonstrated the ability to protect cells and organs from oxidative stress from known toxins and injuries in laboratory animals.
da Silva, L., et al. "Hydroalcoholic extract from inflorescences of Achyrocline satureioides (Compositae) ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice by attenuation in the production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative mediators. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med. 2016; 2016: 3475356.
Barioni, E., et al. "Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. Hydroalcoholic extract inhibits neutrophil functions related to innate host defense." Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 787916.
Calou, I., et al. "Topically applied diterpenoids from Egletes viscosa (Asteraceae) attenuate the dermal inflammation in mouse ear induced by tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate- and oxazolone." Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Aug; 31(8): 1511-6.
Cosentino, M., et al. "Immunomodulatory properties of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. infusion: a study on human leukocytes." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Mar; 116(3): 501-7.
De Souza, K., et al. "Influence of excipients and technological process on anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. extracts by oral route." Phytomedicine. 2007 Feb; 14(2-3): 102-8.
Melo, C., et al. "12-Acetoxyhawtriwaic acid lactone, a diterpene from Egletes viscosa, attenuates capsaicin-induced ear edema and hindpaw nociception in mice: possible mechanisms." Planta Med. 2006 Jun; 72(7): 584-9.
Morquio, A, et al. "Photoprotection by topical application of Achyrocline satureioides ('Marcela'). Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(6): 486-90.
Polydoro, M., et al. "Antioxidant, a pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of Achyrocline satureioides extracts." Life Sci. 2004 Apr; 74(23): 2815-26.
Vieira, M. M., et al. "Ternatin, a flavonoid, prevents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats." Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(2): 135-41.
Rao. V., et al. "Ternatin, an anti-inflammatory flavonoid, inhibits thioglycolate-elicited rat peritoneal neutrophil accumulation and LPS-activated nitric oxide production in murine macrophages." Planta Med. 2003; 69(9): 851-3.
Gugliucci, A., et al. "Three different pathways for human LDL oxidation are inhibited in vitro by water extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureoides." Life Sci. 2002; 71(6): 693-705.
Kadarian, C., et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C." Pharmacol. Res. 2002; 45(1): 57-61.
Santos, A., et al. "Immunomodulatory effect of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. aqueous extracts." Phytother. Res. 1999; 13(1):65-66.
Souza, M.F., et al. "Inhibition by the bioflavonoid ternatin of aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1999; 51(2): 125-9.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. "Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects in extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. (marcela)." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998; 31(9): 163-70.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. "Antioxidant and prooxidant activities in aqueous extracts of Argentine Plants." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997; 35(2): 116-20.
Rao, V. S., et al. "Investigations on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of ternatin, a tetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscosa." Planta Med. 1997 Apr; 63(2): 146-9.
Lima, M. A., et al. "Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa." Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(1): 217-23. Lima, M., et al. "Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa." Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(1): 217-23.
Souza, M., et al. "Anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of ternatin, a flavonoid isolated from Egletes viscosa Less." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1992; 25(10): 1029-32.
Puhlmann J., et al. "Immunologically active metallic ion-containing polysaccharides of Achyrocline satureioides." Phytochemistry. 1992; 31(8): 2617-21.
Simoes, C., "Anti-inflammatory action of Achyrocline satureoides extracts applied topically." Fitoterapia. 1988; 59(5): 419-21.
Simoes, C., et al. "Pharmacological investigations on Achyrocline satureoides (Lam). D.C., Compositae." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988 Apr; 22(3): 281-93.
Wagner, H., et al. "Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycanes) of higher plants." Arzneimforsch. 1985; 35(7): 1069-75.
Wagner, H., et al. "Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycanes) of higher plants/preliminary communication." Arzneimforsch. 1984; 34(6): 659-61.

Fedegoso (Cassia occidentalis)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Fedegoso contain 4 different plant chemicals which have shown strong antibacterial and antimycoplasmal actions. Other antifungal and antiviral actions can be seen in studies detailed in fedegoso's database file.
Li, S. "Cycloartane triterpenoid and its glucoside isolated from Cassia occidentalis." Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2017 Dec; 15(12): 950-954.
Bhagat, M., et al. "Evaluation of Cassia occidentalis for in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines and antibacterial activity." Indian J. Pharmacol. 2010 Aug; 42(4): 234-7.
Li, S., et al. "Cycloartane triterpenoids from Cassia occidentalis." Planta Med. 2012 May; 78(8): 821-7.
Evans C., et al. "Efficacy of some nupe medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi: an in vitro study." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr; 80(1): 21-4.
Samy, R., et al. "Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1): 63-71.
Anesini, C., et al. "Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 119-28.
Caceres, A., et al. "Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 31(3): 263-76.
Hussain, H., et al. "Plants in Kano ethomedicine: screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids." Int. J. Pharmacog. 1991; 29(1): 51-6.
Gaind, K., et al. "Antibiotic activity of Cassia occidentalis." Indian J. Pharmacy 1966; 28(9): 248-50.
Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
Fedegoso has shown very good antioxidant protective actions in animal studies preventing cellular and organ damage. In one animal study fedegoso repaired immune function in animals after immuno-suppressive drugs were administered. It’s anti-inflammatory actions are confirmed in animal studies as well. Fedegoso's anti-inflammatory actions are thought to come from a flavonoid plant chemical called apigenin which was recently reported to be helpful to mitigate chronic inflammation.
Ginwala, R., et al. "Potential role of flavonoids in treating chronic inflammatory diseases with a special focus on the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin." Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Feb 5; 8(2)
Pal, S., et al. "Extract and fraction of Cassia occidentalis L. (a synonym of Senna occidentalis) have osteogenic effect and prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Jan 28.
Xu, W., et al. "Effects of anthraquinones from Cassia occidentalis L. on ovalbumin-induced airways inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Jul; 221: 1-9.
Fidèle, N., et al. "Hypolipidemic, antioxidant and anti-atherosclerogenic effect of aqueous extract leaves of Cassia occidentalis Linn (Caesalpiniaceae) in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017 Jan 25; 17(1): 76.
Neboh, E., and Ufelle, S. "Myeloprotective activity of crude methanolic leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis in cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression in Wistar rats." Adv. Biomed. Res. 2015 Jan 6; 4:5.
Ntchapda, F., et al. "Diuretic and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of leaves of Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) in rats." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2015 Sep; 8(9): 685-93.
Patel, N., et al. "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide inhibitory constituents from Cassia occidentalis roots." Nat. Prod .Commun. 2014 May; 9(5): 661-4.
Sreejith, G., et al. "Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipidperoxidant effects of Cassia occidentalis Linn." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2010 May; 48(5): 494-8.
Arya, V., et al. "Antioxidant activity of organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. in relation to their phenolic content." Nat. Prod. Res. 2011 Sep; 25(15): 1473-9.
El-Hashash, M., et al. "Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of the leaves of seven Egyptian Cassia species." Acta Pharm. 2010 Sep; 60(3): 361-7.
Sreejith, G., et al. "Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipidperoxidant effects of Cassia occidentalis Linn." Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2010 May; 48(5): 494-8.
Bin-Hafeez, B., et al. "Protective effect of Cassia occidentalis L. on cyclophosphamide-induced suppression of humoral immunity in mice." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75(1): 13-18.
Sadique, J., et al. "Biochemical modes of action of Cassia occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19(2): 201-12.
Feng, P., et al. "Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556-61.

Uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Although uva-usi is not a rainforest plant, it was included in this formula due to it’s strong actions against mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. This plant has been traditionally used as an effective natural remedy for urinary tract infections, which can be caused by these unique mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. Animal, human and test tube studies confirm these traditional uses and uva-ursi’s antibacterial actions.
Wrona, M., et al. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial markers by UPLC(®)-ESI-Q-TOF-MS(E) of a new multilayer active packaging based on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi." Talanta. 2019 May; 196: 498-509.
Trill, J., et al. "Uva-ursi extract and ibuprofen as alternative treatments of adult female urinary tract infection (ATAFUTI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." Trials. 2017 Sep 8; 18(1): 421.
Tolmacheva, A., et al. "Antibacterial and quorum sensing regulatory activities of some traditional Eastern-European medicinal plants. Acta Pharm. 2014 Jun; 64(2): 173-86.
Snowden, R., et al. "A comparison of the anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of extracts from commonly used medicinal plants." J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2014 May; 20(5): 375-82.
Samoilova, Z., et al. "Medicinal plant extracts can variously modify biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2014 Apr; 105(4): 709-22.
Samoilova, Z., et al. "Medicinal plant extracts variously modulate susceptibility of Escherichia coli to different antibiotics." Microbiol. Res. 2014 Apr; 169(4): 307-13.
Cybulska, P., et al. "Extracts of Canadian First Nations medicinal plants, used as natural products, inhibit Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles." Sex Transm. Dis. 2011 Jul; 38(7): 667-71.
Kruszewska, H., et al. "Examination of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs." Acta Pol. Pharm. 2004 Dec; 61 Suppl: 18-21.
Schindler, G., et al. "Urinary excretion and metabolism of arbutin after oral administration of Arctostaphylos uva ursi extract as film-coated tablets and aqueous solution in healthy humans." J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002 Aug; 42(8): 920-7.
Jahodar, L., et al. "Antimicrobial effect of arbutin and an extract of the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in vitro." Cesk. Farm. 1985; 34(5):174-8.
Robertson, J., et al. "Effect of carbohydrates on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis." J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25(1): 160-1.
Newton, M., et al. "Select herbal remedies used to treat common urologic conditions." Urol. Nurs. 2001 Jun; 21(3): 232-4.
Floresne, V., et al. "Microbiological testing of uva ursi species (Formulaes Normales V)" Acta Pharm. Hung. 1984 Jul; 54(4): 170-5.
Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulating, Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
One of uva-ursi’s main active chemicals, apigenin, is a cellular protective antioxidant and AGE-inhibitor. Uva-ursi also contains the antioxidants, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and isoquercitrin which also have AGE-inhibitor and antioxidant actions. AGEs (advanced glycated end producs) are a type of reactive oxygen species which cause cellular damage. Another active chemical named arbutin is thought to be responsible for much of uva-ursi’s anti-inflammatory and immune modulation actions.
Ahmadian, S., et al. "Arbutin attenuates cognitive impairment and inflammatory response in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model of epilepsy." Neuropharmacology. 2019 Mar; 146: 117-127.
Wrona, M., et al. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial markers by UPLC(®)-ESI-Q-TOF-MS(E) of a new multilayer active packaging based on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi." Talanta. 2019 May; 196: 498-509.
Dadga, M., et al. "Arbutin attenuates behavioral impairment and oxidative stress in an animal model of Parkinson's disease." Avicenna J. Phytomed. 2018 Nov-Dec; 8(6): 533-542.
Schink, A., et al. "Screening of herbal extracts for TLR2- and TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory effects." PLoS One. 2018 Oct; 13(10): e0203907.
Afshar, K., et al. "Reducing antibiotic use for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in general practice by treatment with uva-ursi (REGATTA) - a double-blind, randomized, controlled comparative effectiveness trial." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018 Jul; 18(1): 203.
Zhou, L., et al. "Arbutin increases Caenorhabditis elegans longevity and stress resistance." PeerJ. 2017 Dec; 5: e4170.
Mohd Azman, N., et al. "Study of the properties of bearberry leaf extract as a natural antioxidant in model foods." Antioxidants. 2016 Apr; 5(2).
Khadir, F., et al. "The effect of arbutin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in the serum of cyclosporine- treated rats." Caspian J. Intern. Med. 2015 Fall; 6(4): 196-200.
Wu, L., et al. "Arbutin, an intracellular hydroxyl radical scavenger, protects radiation-induced apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells." Apoptosis. 2014 Nov; 19(11): 1654-63.
Tada, M., et al. "Alleviation effect of arbutin on oxidative stress generated through tyrosinase reaction with L-tyrosine and L-DOPA." BMC Biochem. 2014 Oct 9; 15:23.
Pečivová, J., et al. "Arbutin and decrease of potentially toxic substances generated in human blood neutrophils." Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014 Dec; 7(4): 195-200.
Lee, H., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of arbutin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells." Inflamm Res. 2012 Aug; 61(8): 817-25.
Takada, K., et al. "Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, members of pentacyclic triterpenoid acids, suppress TNF-α-induced E-selectin expression by cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells." Phytomedicine. 2010 Dec; 17(14): 1114-9.
Chandler, D., et al. "Effects of plant-derived polyphenols on TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production induced by advanced glycation end products." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010 Jul; 54 Suppl 2: S141-50.
O'Brien, N., et al. "Modulatory effects of resveratrol, citroflavan-3-ol, and plant-derived extracts on oxidative stress in U937 cells." J. Med. Food. 2006 Summer; 9(2): 187-95.

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