A synergistic formula of 6 rainforest botanicals which are traditionally used in South America for syphilis (a type of spirochete bacteria) and other bacterial conditions.* Lymes Disease is also caused by a similar spirochete bacteria.* This product was featured in an article by the Health Sciences Institute (see page 4).

For more information on the individual ingredients in the Spiro formula, follow the links provided below to the plant database files in the Tropical Plant Database.

Ingredients: A herbal blend of chanca piedra, bellaco caspi, tamamuri, matico, huacapu, and ajos sacha. To prepare this natural remedy yourself: use two parts chanca piedra and one part each of the remaining plants in the list. To make a small amount... "1 part" could be one tablespoon (you'd have 7 tablespoons of the blended herbal formula). For larger amounts, use "1 part" as one ounce or one cup or one pound. Combine all the herbs together well and using the instructions on the Preparation of Herbal Remedies page, prepare a standard alcohol tincture.

Suggested Use: Take 2 grams twice daily. (one gram is approximately 1/2 teaspoon by volume)
Contraindications: None reported.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
Other Practitioner Observations:

• All of the plants in this formula have demonstrated antimicrobial effects in laboratory studies.* Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable when this formula is used for longer than 30 days.

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Third-Party Published Research

This rainforest formula has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of the published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research.

Chanca Piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)

Antimicrobial & Antiparasitic Actions:
Fasinu, P., et al. "Modulation of Cytochrome P450, P-glycoprotein and Pregnane X Receptor by selected antimalarial herbs-implication for herb-drug interaction." Molecules. 2017 Nov 23; 22(12).
de Oliveira, C., et al. "Schistosoma mansoni: In vivo evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus hexanic and ethanolic extracts." Exp. Parasitol. 2017 Dec; 183: 56-63.
Haslinda, M., et al. "In vitro antiplasmodial activity, macronutrients and trace metals in the medicinal plants: Phyllanthus spp. and Alpinia conchigera Griff." Trop. Biomed. 2015 Mar; 32(1): 129-39.
Suresh, U., et al. "Tackling the growing threat of dengue: Phyllanthus niruri-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their mosquitocidal properties against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." Parasitol Res. 2015 Apr; 114(4): 551-62.
Kabiru, A., et al. "Evaluation of haematological changes in Plasmodium-berghei-infected mice administered with aqueous extract of Phyllantus amarus." Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2013 Jun 1; 16(11): 510-6.
Ifeoma, O., et al. "Isolation, fractionation and evaluation of the antiplasmodial properties of Phyllanthus niruri resident in its chloroform fraction." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2013 Mar; 6(3): 169-75.
Chowdhury, S., et al. "The lignan niranthin poisons Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB and favours a Th1 immune response in mice." EMBO Mol Med. 2012 Oct; 4(10): 1126-43.
Amin, Z., et al. "Assessment of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and immune activation potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus niruri." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012 Jul; 92(9): 1874-7
Ranilla, L, et al. "Antimicrobial activity of an Amazon medicinal plant (Chancapiedra) (Phyllanthus niruri L.) against Helicobacter pylori and lactic acid bacteria." Phytother Res. 2012 Jun; 26(6): 791-9.
Narayanan, A., et al. "Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants against multiple antibiotic resistant uropathogens: a study from Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India." Benef. Microbes. 2011 Sep; 2(3): 235-43.
Chowdhury, S., et al. "The lignan niranthin poisons Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB and favours a Th1 immune response in mice." EMBO Mol Med. 2012 Oct; 4(10): 1126-43.
Keluskar, P., et al. "Ethnopharmacology guided screening of traditional Indian herbs for selective inhibition of Plasmodium specific lactate dehydrogenase." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Oct 31; 144(1): 201-7.
Kamaraj, C., et al. "Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants traditionally used in the villages of Dharmapuri regions of South India." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jun 14; 141(3): 796-802
Appiah-Opong, R., et al. "Antiplasmodial activity of extracts of Tridax procumbens and Phyllanthus amarus in in vitro Plasmodium falciparum culture systems." Ghana Med. J. 2011 Dec; 45(4): 143-50.
Yerbanga, R. et al. "Antimalarial plant remedies from Burkina Faso: their potential for prophylactic use." J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Mar 27; 140(2): 255-60.
Venkatesalu, V., et al. "In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitol Res. 2012 Jul; 111(1): 497-501.
Ajala, T., et al. "The antiplasmodial effect of the extracts and formulated capsules of Phyllanthus amarus on Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2011 Apr;4(4):283-7.
Rahuman, A., et al. "Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Parasitol. Res. 2008 Apr; 102(5): 867-73.
Dapper, D., et al. "Antiplasmodial effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllantus amarus Schumach and Thonn against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss albino mice." Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 2007 Jun-Dec; 22(1-2): 19-25.
Okigbo, R., et al. "Antimicrobial effects of Piper guineense 'Uziza' and Phyllantus amarus 'Ebe-benizo' on Candida albicans and Streptococcus faecalis." Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 2007 Dec; 54(4): 353-66.
Traore, M., et al. "In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of 'saye', an herbal remedy used in Burkina Faso traditional medicine." Phytother. Res. 2008; 22(4): 550-1.
Shakil, N., et al. "Nematicidal prenylated flavanones from Phyllanthus niruri." Phytochemistry. 2008 Feb; 69(3): 759-64.
Mustofa, S., et al. "In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia." Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 2007 Jul; 38(4): 609-15.
Mazumder, A., et al. "Antimicrobial potentiality of Phyllanthus amarus against drug resistant pathogens." Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20(4): 323-6.
Kolodziej, H., et al. "Tannins and related compounds induce nitric oxide synthase and cytokines gene expressions in Leishmania major-infected macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells." Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005 Dec; 13(23): 6470-6.
Subeki, S., et al. "Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri." J. Nat. Prod. 2005; 68(4): 537-9.
Kloucek, P., et al. "Antibacterial screening of some Peruvian medicinal plants used in Calleria District." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jun; 99(2): 309-12.
Cimanga, R. K., et al. "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of callus culture extracts and fractions from fresh apical stems of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae): part 2." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec; 95(2-3): 399-404.
Agrawal, A., et al. "Evaluation of inhibitory effect of the plant Phyllanthus amarus against dermatophytic fungi Microsporum gypseum." Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2004 Sep; 17(3): 359-65.
Tona, L., et al. "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jul; 93(1): 27-32.
Mesia, L. T. K., et al. "In-vitro antimalarial activity of Cassia occidentalis, Morinda morindoides and Phyllanthus niruri." Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2001; 95(1): 47-57.
Tona, L., et al. "Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 68(1/3): 193-203.
Farouk, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of certain Sudanese plants used in folkloric medicine. Screening for antibacterial activity (I)." Fitoterapia 1983; 54(1): 3-7.

Bellaco Caspi (Himatanthus sucuuba, lancifolius)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Prinsloo, G., et al. "Anti-HIV activity of southern African plants: Current developments, phytochemistry and future research. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Jan; 210: 133-155.
Figueiredo, C., et al. "Himatanthus drasticus leaves: chemical characterization and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antiproliferative activities." Molecules. 2017 May 31; 22(6).
Saengsai, J., et al. "Antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of plumericin, an iridoid isolated from Momordica charantia vine." Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med. 2015; 2015: 823178.
Kumar, P., et al. "Anti-mycobacterial activity of plumericin and isoplumericin against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013 Jun; 26(3): 332-5.
Singh, D., et al. "Antifungal activity of plumericin and isoplumericin. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011 Nov; 6(11): 1567-8.
Kuigoua, G., et al. "Minor secondary metabolic products from the stem bark of Plumeria rubra Linn. displaying antimicrobial activities." Planta Med. 2010 Apr; 76(6): 620-5.
Moreira, D., et al. "Actividades antimicrobiologicas dos stratos e fracoes obtido atraves de solventes organicos da casca da Himatanthus sucuuba do vale do Acre." Anais Do XV Seminario De Iniciacao Cientifica PIBIQ-CNPQ, 2006: Universidade Federal Do Acre, Rio Branco-Acre, Brazil.
Souza, W., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of alkaloidal fraction from barks of Himatanthus lancifolius." Fitoterapia. 2004 Dec; 75(7-8): 750-3.
Tiwari, T., et al. "Plumieride from Allamanda cathartica as an antidermatophytic agent." Phytother. Res. 2002 Jun; 16(4): 393-4.
Wood, C., et al. "A bioactive spirolactone iridoid and triterpenoids from Himatanthus sucuuba." Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001; 49(11): 1477-1478.
De Silva, J., et al. "Triterpenic esters from Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson." Quimica Nova 1998; 21(6): 702-704.
Vlietinck, A., et al. "Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection." Planta Med. 1998 Mar; 64(2): 97-109.
Abdel-Kader, M., et al. "Bioactive iridoids and a new lignan from Allamanda cathartica and Himatanthus fallax from the Suriname rainforest." J. Nat. Prod. 1997; 60(12): 1294-7.
Hamburger, M., et al. "Traditional medicinal plants of Thailand. XVII. Biologically active constituents of Plumeria rubra." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Jul; 33(3): 289-92.
Kardono, L., et al. "Cytotoxic constituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in Indonesia." J. Nat. Prod. 1990 Nov-Dec; 53(6): 1447-55.
Jovel, E., et al. "An ethnobotanical study of the traditional medicine of the Mestizo people of Suni Mirano, Loreto, Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; (53): 149-156.
Bolzani, V., et al. "Search for antifungal and anticancer compounds from native plant species of cerrado and Atlantic Forest." An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 1999; 71(2): 181-7.
Persinos-Perdue, G., et al. " South American plants. III. Isolation of fulvoplumierin from Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae). J. Pharm. Sci. 1978; 67: 1322.
Little, J., et al. "Plumericin; an antimicrobial agent from Plumeria multiflora." Arch. Biochem. 1951; 30(2): 445-52.
Antileishmanial & Antimalarial Actions:
Vale, V., et al. "Anti-malarial activity and toxicity assessment of Himatanthus articulatus, a plant used to treat malaria in the Brazilian Amazon." Malar. J. 2015 Mar 27; 14:132.
Filho, V., C, et al. "Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of selected Brazilian plants and identification of the active principles." Evid. Based Complement.Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 265025.
Sharma, U., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of plumericin & isoplumericin isolated from Plumeria bicolor against Leishmania donovani. Indian J. Med Res. 2011 Nov; 134(5): 709-16.
Soares, D., et al. "Leishmanicidal activity of Himatanthus sucuuba latex against Leishmania amazonensis." Parasitol Int. 2010 Jun; 59(2): 173-7.
Castillo, D., et al. "Spirolactone iridoids might be responsible for the antileishmanial activity of a Peruvian traditional remedy made with Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jun 13; 112(2): 410-4.

Tamamuri (Brosimum acutifolium)

Antimicrobial & Antiprotozoal Actions:
Soares et al., "In vitro antifungal activity and cytotoxicity screening of dry crude extracts from Brazilian Amazonia plants." Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2018; 15 (4): 13-21.
Coqueiro, A., et al. “Leishmanicidal activity of Brosimum glaziovii (Moraceae) and chemical composition of the bioactive fractions by using high-resolution gas chromatography and GC-MS.” J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2014 Oct; 25(10): 1839-1847.
Oliveira, A., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Amazonian medicinal plants." SpringerPlus. 2013 Dec; 2: 371.
Sashidharaa, K., et al. "Isolation and identification of β-hematin inhibitors from Flacourtia indica as promising antiplasmodial agents." Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013 Feb; 60: 497-502.
Kuete, V., et al. "Chemistry and pharmacology of 4-hydroxylonchocarpin: A review." Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2013 Jun; 19(6): 475-80.
Dubey, D., et al. “Antimicrobials of plant origin against TB and other infections and Economics of plant drugs – Introspection.” Ind. J. Trad. Knowledge. 2012 Apr; 11(2): 225-23.
Feldman, M., et al. "Comparative evaluation of two structurally related flavonoids, isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin, for their oral infection therapeutic potential." J. Nat. Prod. 2011 Sep; 74(9): 1862-7.
Lee, J., et al. "Liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, helps mice resist disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans by Th1 immune response, whereas liquiritin, its glycoside form, does not." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2009 May; 9(5): 632-8.
Correia, A., et al. "Amazonian plant crude extract screening for activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria." Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008 Nov-Dec; 12(6): 369-80.
Moraes, F., et al. “[Bioactivity of herbal extracts against two groups of pathogenic bacteria in man].” XIII Jornada de Iniciação Científicado PIBIC/ICNPq/FAPEAM/INPA 2004: 118-19.
Herforth, A., et al. "Amazonian Women's Medicine: Treatments for Mycoses." Poster: Society for Economic Botany 2002 vol 56(4).
Herforth, A., et al. " Antifungal plants of the Peruvian Amazon: A survey of ethnomedical uses and biological activity." Cornel University Publication 2002.

Matico (Piper aduncum)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Bernuci, K., et al. "Evaluation of chemical composition and antileishmanial and antituberculosis activities of essential oils of Piper species." Molecules. 2016 Dec; 21(12).
Gutiérrez, Y., et al. "Chemodiversity associated with cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Piper aduncum var. ossanum." Chem. Biodivers. 2016 Dec; 13(12): 1715-1719.
Shahverdi, A., et al. "Monoterpenes as nitrofurantoin resistance modulating agents: minimal structural requirements, molecular dynamics simulations, and the effect of piperitone on the emergence of nitrofurantoin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae." J. Mol. Model. 2015 Aug; 21(8): 198.
Ruiz, S., et al. "Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Piperaceae extracts and nisin on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris." J. Food Sci. 2013 Nov; 78(11): M1772-7.
Orjala, J., et al. "New monoterpene-substituted dihydrochalcones from Piper aduncum." Helv. Chim. Acta 1993; 76(4): 1481-1488.
Kloucek, P., et al. "Antibacterial screening of some Peruvian medicinal plants used in Calleria district." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jun; 99(2): 309-12.
Hada, T., et al. "Inhibitory effects of terpenes on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus." Nat. Med. 2003; 57: 64–67.
Lemos, T. L. G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Brazilian plants." Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(2): 82-84.
Lentz, D., et al. "Antimicrobial properties of Honduran medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol, 1998; 63(3): 253-263.
Trillini, B., et al. "Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Piper angustifolium." Planta Med. 1996; 62(4): 372-373.
Orjala, J., et al. "Cytotoxic and antibacterial dihydrochalcones from Piper aduncum." J. Nat. Prod. 1994; 57(1): 18-26.
Orjala, J., et al. "Three new prenylated benzoic acid derivatives and molluscicidal sesquiterpenoids from Piper aduncum leaves." Planta Med. Suppl. 1992; 58(1) A714-.
Orjala, J., et al. "Five new prenylated p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives with antimicrobial and molluscicidal activity from Piper aduncum leaves." Planta Med. 1993; 59(6): 546-551.
Orjala, J., et al. "Aduncamide, a cytotoxic and antibacterial beta-phenylethylamine-derived amide from Piper aduncum." Nat. Prod. Lett. 1993; 2(3): 231-236.
Anti-parasitic, Anti-protozoal, Anti-Leishmanial & Anti-malarial Actions:
Monzote, L.,et al. "Essential oil from Piper aduncum: chemical analysis, antimicrobial assessment, and literature review." Medicines. 2017 Jul; 4(3): E49.
Ceole, L., et al. "Nerolidol, the main constituent of Piper aduncum essential oil, has anti-Leishmania braziliensis activity." Parasitology. 2017 Aug; 144(9): 1179-1190.
Bernuci, K., et al. "Evaluation of chemical composition and antileishmanial and antituberculosis activities of essential oils of Piper species." Molecules. 2016 Dec; 21(12).
Gaínza, Y., et al. "Piper aduncum against Haemonchus contortus isolates: cross resistance and the research of natural bioactive compounds. Rev. Bras. Parasitol Vet. 2016 Oct-Dec; 25(4): 383-393.
Gutiérrez, Y., et al. "Chemodiversity associated with cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Piper aduncum var. ossanum." Chem. Biodivers. 2016 Dec; 13(12): 1715-1719.
Dal Picolo, C., et al. "Antileishmanial activity evaluation of adunchalcone, a new prenylated dihydrochalcone from Piper aduncum L." Fitoterapia. 2014 Sep; 97: 28-33.
Parise-Filho, R., et al. "Dillapiole as antileishmanial agent: discovery, cytotoxic activity and preliminary SAR studies of dillapiole analogues." Arch. Pharm. 2012 Dec; 345(12): 934-44.
Valadeau, C., et al. "Medicinal plants from the Yanesha (Peru): evaluation of the leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity of selected extracts." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun; 123(3): 413-22.
Flores, N., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of prenylated benzoic acid derivatives from Piper species." Phytochemistry. 2009; 70(5):621-7.
Braga, F. G., et al. "Antileishmanial and antifungal activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May; 111(2): 396-402.
Torres-Santos, E. C., et al. Selective effect of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone isolated from Piper aduncum on Leishmania amazonensis." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43(5): 1234-1241.
Torres-Santos, E. C., et al. Improvement of in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of 2', 6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone by entrapment in poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticles." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43(7): 1776-8.
Anti-schistosomiasis, Anti-trypanosomal & Molluscicidal Actions:
Villamizar, L., et al. " Linalool, a Piper aduncum essential oil component, has selective activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote forms at 4°C." Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2017 Feb; 112(2): 131-139.
Silva, M., et al. "Antiparasitic activity of nerolidol in a mouse model of schistosomiasis." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2017 Sep; 50(3): 467-472.
Gutiérrez, Y., et al. "Chemodiversity associated with cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Piper aduncum var. ossanum." Chem. Biodivers. 2016 Dec; 13(12): 1715-1719.
into, P., et al. "Cardamonin, a schistosomicidal chalcone from Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) that inhibits Schistosoma mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase." Phytomedicine. 2015 Sep; 22(10): 921-8.
Carrara, V., et al. "In vitro schistosomicidal effects of aqueous and dichloromethane fractions from leaves and stems of Piper species and the isolation of an active amide from P. amalago L. (Piperaceae)." J. Helminthol. 2014 Sep; 88(3): 321-6.
Rapado, L., et al. "Molluscicidal and ovicidal activities of plant extracts of the Piperaceae on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)." J. Helminthol. 2011 Mar; 85(1): 66-72.
Batista, J. Jr, et al. "Natural chromenes and chromene derivatives as potential anti-trypanosomal agents." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008; 31(3): 538-40.
Orjala, J., et al. "Two chromenes and a prenylated benzoic acid derivative from Piper aduncum." Phytochemistry. 1993; 34(3): 813-818.
Orjala, J., et al. "Three new prenylated benzoic acid derivatives and molluscicidal sesquiterpenoids from Piper aduncum leaves." Planta Med. Suppl. 1992; 58(1) A714-.
Orjala, J., et al. "Five new prenylated p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives with antimicrobial and molluscicidal activity from Piper aduncum leaves." Planta Med. 1993; 59(6): 546-551.

Huacapu (Minquartia guianensis)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Chinsembu, K., et al. "Tuberculosis and nature's pharmacy of putative anti-tuberculosis agents." Acta Trop. 2016 Jan; 153: 46-56.
Rodrigues, K., et al. "Antifungal activity of Brazilian Amazon plant extracts against some species of Candida Spp." Int. J. Phytopharmacology. 2014; 5(6): 445-453.
Ramos, D., et al. "Antimycobacterial activity of Brazilian Amazon plants extracts." Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2013 Jan; 5: 479-485.
Micheletti, A., "Increment of antimycobaterial activity on lichexanthone derivatives." Med. Chem. 2013 Nov; 9(7): 904-10.
Xu., T., et al. "A potent plant-derived antifungal acetylenic acid mediates its activity by interfering with fatty acid homeostasis." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun; 56(6): 2894-907.
Cursino, L., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Minquartia guianensis extracts and phytochemical evaluation." Emir. J. Food Agric. 2011; 23(6): 505-510.
Cursino, L., et al. "Phytochemical study and bioactivity of extracts and fractions of Minquartia guianensis (Olacaceae)." (Thesis) 2011. State University of Amazonas-Ueaescola Manaus, Brazil.
Gaschet, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of Ecuadorian plant extracts." Planta Med. 2007; 73: 197.
Gung, B., et al. "Total synthesis of (-)-minquartynoic acid: an anti-cancer, anti-HIV natural product." Org. Lett. 2002 Jul; 4(15): 2517-9.
Rashid, M., et al. "Absolute stereochemistry and anti-HIV activity of minquartynoic acid, a polyacetylene from Ochanostachys amentacea." Nat. Prod. Lett. 2001; 15(1): 21-26 .
El-Seedi, H., et al. "Triterpenes, lichexanthone and an acetylenic acid from Minquartia guianensis." Phytochemistry. 1994; 35 (5): 1297-1299.
Jovel, E., et al. "An ethnobotanical study of the traditional medicine of the Mestizo people of Suni Mirano, Loreto, Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 53: 149-156.
Antiparasitic & Antimalarial Actions:
Ruiz, L., et al. "Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the Nanay River (Peru) for the treatment of malaria." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan; 133(2): 917-21.
Gachet, M., et al. "Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar; 128(1): 184-97.
Rasmussem, H., et al. "Absolute configuration and antiprotozoal activity of minquartynoic acid." J. Nat. Prod. 2000; 63(9): 1295-1296.

Ajos Sacha (Mansoa alliacea, Adenocaymma alliaceum)

Antimicrobial Actions:
Santos, A., et al. "Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A. H. Gentry, do Acará, Pará, Brasil." In: Souza-Filho A., et al. "Cipó-d'alho:
aspectos botânicos, químicos e moléculas bioativas. Brasília: Embrapa; 2012. p. 157-65.
Araújo, N., "In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on microorganisms related to injury of oral mucositis." Dissertação, Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010.
Zoghbi, M., et al. "The genus Mansoa (Bignoniaceae): A source of organosulfur compounds. Braz. J. Pharmacog. 2009; 19: 795-804.
Chirunthorn, R., et al. "Study on biological activities of Mansao hymenaea (DC.) A. Gentry leaf extracts." Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2005; 27(Suppl. 2): 489-495.
Canapaty, S., et al. "Composition of leaf oil from Adenocalymma alliaceum and its antimicrobial activity." Indian Perfumer. 2004; 48(3): 323-329.
Rana, B. K., et al. "Antifungal activity of an aqueous extract of leaves of garlic creeper (Adenocaymma alliaceum Miers.)." Pharma. Biol. 1999; 37(1):. 13-16.
Freixa, B., et al. Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen Latin American plants." Phytother. Res. 1998; 12: 27-43.
Ushamalini, C., et al. "Management of charcoal rot of cowpea using biocontrol agents and plant products." Indian Phytopathol. 1997; 50(4): 504-507.
Ushamalini, C., et al. "Suppression of charcoal rot and wilt pathogens of cowpea by botanicals." Plant Disease Research 1997; 12(2): 113-117.
Singh, U., et al. "A rapid method for detecting fungi-toxic substances." World J. Microbio. Biotech. 1996; 12(3): 301-302.
Rao, A. M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of Adenocalymma alliaceum." Indian Drugs. 1985: 22(7): 364-365.
Khurana, S., et al. "Effect of plant extracts on the activity of three papaya viruses." J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1970; 16: 225-230.

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