Canchalagua

Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Schkuhria
Species: pinnata
Synonyms: Amblyopappus mendocinus Phil., Hopkirkia anthemoides DC., Mieria virgata La Llave, Pectis pinnata Lam., Rothia pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze., Schkuhria wislizenia, Schkuhria wrightii, Schkuhria virgata (La Llave) DC., Schkuhria isopappa Benth., Schkuhria guatemalensis (Rydb.) Standl. & Steyerm., Schkuhria coquimbana Phil., Schkuhria anthemoides (DC.) J.M. Coult., Schkuhria advena Thell., Schkuhria abrotanoides Roth., Tetracarpum guatemalense Rydb.
Parts Used: Aerial parts and/or entire plant

canchalagua
Herbal Properties and Actions
MAIN ACTIONS	OTHER ACTIONS	STANDARD DOSAGE
cleanses blood	heals wounds	Aerial parts
reduces acne	antimalarial	Infusion: 1 cup 3 times daily
aids digestion	kills mold & fungi	Capsules: 1-2 g twice daily
eases nausea
reduces inflammation
increases urination
reduces spasms
kills bacteria

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Description

Canchalagua is a weedy annual herb that grows to about 70 cm high. It produces numerous small yellow flowers on numerous airy erect stems which grow more woody as it matures. Canchalagua is native to South America and is usually found in drier mountainous regions at around 2000 to 3000 meters in elevation. It is found abundantly in the inter-Andean valleys of Peru. Canchalagua has been introduced into and cultivated in other countries and can be found in Latin America, Mexico, Africa, and even in parts of southern Arizona and Texas where it has escaped cultivation and flourished as an annual weed.

Tribal and Herbal Medicine Uses

Canchalagua is the Peruvian name given to this plant by the Ketchwa indigenous people of the Andes. They have long used this plant as an effective blood cleanser. Usually the entire plant is uprooted and chopped up and brewed into an infusion (fresh plant) or a decoction (dried plant) for this local remedy. Many types of skin problems, including eczema, dermatitis, and acne, are believed to cause by toxins and partially digested bacteria circulating in the bloodstream, and this canchalagua herbal remedy is used as a natural remedy for those types of skin conditions as well.

In Peruvian herbal medicine systems canchalgua is regarded as an anti-inflammatory, digestive, antitussive (stops coughing), capillary tonic, diuretic, and hypoglycemic. It is employed as an herbal remedy there for kidney, liver, and renal problems, malaria, diabetes, allergies, yeast infections, prostate inflammation, digestive disorders and intestinal gas, rheumatism, and various skin conditions such as acne, dermatitis, and eczema. When taken internally it is thought to help regulate hormones and skin oil content for juvenile acne and is also used in a topical application for blackheads, pimples and acne. It is also considered a good diuretic and used for various kidney and renal disorders including urinary tract infections and kidney pain. It is also often relied on as a soothing tea to ease nausea and stomachaches, and as a general digestive aid.

In herbal medicine systems in Argentina the plant is considered a natural antibiotic remedy and typically used for urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, and as an antiseptic wash for wounds. In Kenya, the plant is mostly regarded as a digestive aid and used for various digestive complaints and stomachaches. In several South and Latin American countries canchalagua is dried and reduced to a powder and is used in the house to repel or kill fleas and lice.

The naturalization of canchalagua into North America and its use as a medicinal plant was quite a few years ago - it was included in the Materia Medica of the New Mexican Phamacopeia which was printed in the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1885. There, it was called by it's Mexican name, anisillo cimmaron, and attributed with antispasmodic actions.

Plant Chemicals

Canchalagua contains germacranolides, heliangolides, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and sulfur compounds. The plant's anti-inflammatory reputation might be attributed to a sesquiterpene found in canchalagua named costunolide which has been documented to inhibit NF-kappaB (a chemical involved in the inflammatory process in the body). Costunolide was also documented to suppress nitric oxide production which is recognized as a mediator and regulator of inflammatory responses. This chemical was also shown in rat studies to lower blood sugar levels and cholesterol levels and to be toxic to certain cancer cells. Canchalgua's long standing reputation in the United States as an antispasmodic might be related to a chemical called pectolinarigenin which has been reported with antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory actions.

Plant chemicals identified in canchalagua thus far include: chromolaenide, chromolaenolide, costunolides, dithiin, eucannabinolides, germacranolides, heliangolides, hiyodorilactones, loliolide, nerols, pectolinarigenin, santhemoidin A, schkuhrianol, schkuhrins, schkuhripinnatolides, schkurianol, thiarubrine A, thiophene, tridecapentayne, and zaluzanin C.

Biological Activities and Clinical Research

Canchalagua's traditional use as an antimicrobial remedy against various infections is beginning to be validated thru various test tube studies. It was shown to be active against several fungus, yeast and mold strains and using the entire plant rather than just the leaves yielded much better activity. Its actions against bacteria has been mixed, but in the tests reported, they were mostly working with just leaves and not the entire plant. The leaf was shown to be active against Bacillus, but inactive against the other bacterial strains it was tested against.

Canchalgua has also been used in several countries as a traditional remedy for malaria. In a laboratory study with rats conducted in 2000, researchers in Bolivia reported that an ethanol extract of the entire plant did evidence antimalarial actions in animals.

Current Practical Uses

By far, the most popular use for canchalgua in Peru is for its blood cleansing effect and as a digestive remedy. It is a highly regarded and respected herbal remedy for these purposes. Since circulating blood toxins are associated in a variety of skin problems, it is commonly relied on for both juvenile and adult acne, dermatitis and eczema. It is taken internally as well as used topically for these common skin issues. When used topically, it is thought to enhance capillary circulation to the skin as well. While canchalagua is well known in Peru, U.S. consumers know very little about this effective medicinal plant. As more natural body and facial care products enter the growing natural skin care market here, look for canchalagua making an appearance as a new ingredient used for natural therapeutic skin products.

Canchalagua Plant Summary

Main Preparation Method: infusion or capsules Main Actions (in order): depurative (blood cleanser), antimicrobial, vulnerary (heals wounds/skin), anti-inflammatory, antimalarial Main Uses: as a blood cleanser used internally and externally for pimples, blackheads, and acne as a diuretic and antimicrobial for urinary tract problems for skin problems (eczema, dermatitis, etc.) for malaria Properties/Actions Documented by Research: antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antispasmodic, anti-yeast Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use: anti-inflammatory, antitussive, capillary tonic, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycemic, stomachic, styptic, and vulnerary Cautions: None reported.

Traditional Preparation: When the entire plant is prepared as a natural remedy, typically a decoction method is used. When just the leaves, and/or flowers are used, an infusion method is usually preferred. The decoctions and infusions are used both internally as well as topically for various skin issues. See Traditional Herbal Remedies Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions.

Contraindications: None reported.

Drug Interactions: None known.

Worldwide Ethnomedical Uses
Africa	for gastrointestinal problems, malaria, and stomachaches
Argentina	as an antibiotic and vulnerary; for diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and wounds
Bolivia	for fleas and malaria
Mexico	for digestive complaints
Paraguay	as an insecticide
Peru	as an anti-inflammatory, antitussive, capillary tonic, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycemic, styptic and vulnerary; for acne, blackheads, dermatitis, detoxification, diabetes, digestive disorders, eczema, fleas, intestinal gas, kidney problems, kidney inflammation, lice, liver problems, liver stones, malaria, obesity, oily skin, pimples, prostate inflammation, renal problems, rheumatism, stomach problems, stomachaches, urinary tract problems, weight loss, wounds, and yeast infections
U.S.	as an antispasmodic

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Published Research on Canchalagua

All available third-party research on canchalagua can be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on canchalagua updated through 1/2019 is shown below:

Anti-inflammatory Actions:
Kudumela, R., et al. "Antibacterial interactions, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of four medicinal plant species." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018 Jul; 18(1): 199.
Kassuya, C., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract, dichloromethane fraction and costunolide from Magnolia ovata (Magnoliaceae)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jul; 124(3): 369-76.
Lim, H., et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity of pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium chanroenicum." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008; 31(11): 2063-7.
Pae, H., et al. "Costunolide inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages." Inflamm. Res. 2007; 56(12): 520-6.
Nam, N. H. "Naturally occurring NF-KappaB inhibitors." Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 2006; 6(8): 945-51.
De Marino, S., et al. "New sesquiterpene lactones from Laurus nobilis leaves as inhibitors of nitric oxide production." Planta Med. 2005; 71(8): 706-10.
Korhonen, R., et al. "Nitric oxide production and signaling in inflammation." Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy. 2005 Aug; 4(4): 471-9.

Antispasmodic Actions:
Weimann, C., et al. "Spasmolytic effects of Baccharis conferta and some of its constituents." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2002; 54(1): 99-104.

Antimicrobial Actions (mold, fungi, yeast, bacteria, mycobacteria):
Kudumela, R., et al. "Antibacterial interactions, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of four medicinal plant species." BMC Complement. Altern Med. 2018 Jul; 18(1): 199.
Kudumela, R., et al. "In vitro assessment of selected medicinal plants used by the Bapedi community in South Africa for treatment of bacterial infections." J. Evid. Based Med. 2018 Jan-Dec; 23: 2515690X18762736.
Masevhe, N., et al. "The traditional use of plants to manage candidiasis and related infections in Venda, South Africa." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Jun; 168: 364-72.
Bussmann, R., et al. " Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010 October 28; 132(1): 101-108.
Wagate, C., et al. "Screening of some Kenyan medicinal plants for antibacterial activity." Phytother. Res. 2010; 24(1): 150-3.
Luna-Herrera, J., et al. "Synergistic antimycobacterial activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Laurus spp." J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007; 59(3): 548-52.
Quiroga, E., et al. "Screening antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 74(1): 89-96.
Tanaguchi, M., "Screening of East African plants for antimicrobial activity. I." Chem. Pharm. Bul. 1978: 2910-2913.
Perez, C., et al. "Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Argentinean medicinal plants." Fitoterapia. 1994; 65(2): 169-172.
Anesini, C., et al. "Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39(2): 119-128.
Johns, T., et al. "Anti-giardial activity of gastrointestinal remedies of the Luo of East Africa." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 46(1): 17-23.
Perez, C., et al. "In vitro antibacterial activity of Argentine folk medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994; 44(1): 41-46.

Hypoglycemic and Cholesterol Lowering Actions:
Deutschlander, M., et al. "Hypoglycaemic activity of four plant extracts traditionally used in South Africa for diabetes." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jul 30; 124(3): 619-24.
Eliza, J., et al. "Normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic effect of costunolide isolated from Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2009 May; 179(2-3): 329-34.

Cytotoxic & Anticancerous Actions:
Carraz, M., et al. "Antiproliferative activity and phenotypic modification induced by selected Peruvian medicinal plants on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 May; 166: 185-99.
Choi, J., et al. "Costunolide-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells: involvement of C-jun N-terminal kinase activation." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009; 32(10): 1803-8.
Kim, S., et al. "Differential enhancement of leukaemia cell differentiation without elevation of intracellular calcium by plant-derived sesquiterpene lactone compounds." Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008 Nov; 155(6): 814-25.
Robinson, A., et al. "A new sesquiterpene lactone from the roots of Saussurea lappa: structure-anticancer activity study." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008 Jul; 18(14):4015-7.
Kanno, S., et al. "Costunolide-induced apoptosis is caused by receptor-mediated pathway and inhibition of telomerase activity in NALM-6 cells." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008; 31(5): 1024-8.
Choi, J., et al. "Melanogenesis inhibitory compounds from Saussureae Radix." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008; 31(3): 294-9.

Liver Protective Actions:
Yoo, Y., et al. "Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin of Cirsium setidens prevent the hepatic injury in rats caused by d-galactosamine via an antioxidant mechanism." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008; 31(4): 760-4.

Antiparasitic, Antimalarial Actions, & Insecticidal Actions:
Obbo, C., et al. "In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of selected medicinal plants from Ugandan flora: Refocusing into multi-component potentials."
J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Jan 30;229:127-136.
Mokoka, T., et al. "Antiprotozoal screening of 60 South African plants, and the identification of the antitrypanosomal germacranolides Schkuhrin I and II." Planta Med. 2013 Sep;79(14):1380-4.
Kimani, N., et al. "Antiprotozoal sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Schkuhria pinnata." J. Nat. Prod. 2018 Jan 26; 81(1): 124-130.
Fouche, G., et al. "Investigation of the acaricidal activity of the acetone and ethanol extracts of 12 South African plants against the adult ticks of Rhipicephalus turanicus." Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 2017 Nov; 84(1): e1-e6.
Munoz, V., et al. "A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part III. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by Altenos Indians." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 71(1/2): 123-131.
Muthaura, C., et al. "Antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in Meru district of Kenya." Phytother. Res. 2007; 21(9):860-7.

Toxicity Studies:
Kudumela, R., et al. "Antibacterial interactions, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of four medicinal plant species. BMC Complement. Altern Med. 2018 Jul; 18(1): 199.
Bussman, R., et al. "Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 September; 137(1): 121-140.

Chemicals Identitified:
Ganzer, U., et al. "Schkuhripinnatolides, unusual sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata." Phytochemistry. 1990; 29(2): 535-539.
Pacciaroni, A., et al. "Sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata." Phytochemistry. 1995; 39(1): 127-131.
Bohlmann, F., et al. "Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. 102. New nerol derivatives and a new class of dihydrocinnamyl alcohol derivates from Schkuhria species." Phytochemistry. 1977: 780-781.
Bohlmann, F., et al. Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 373. A helangiolide from Schkuhria pinnata." Phytochemistry. 1981: 2431-2432.

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